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Solvent extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometric determination of probable carcinogen 1,4-dioxane in cosmetic products.

ABSTRACT: In the present work, a method based on solvent extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been validated for the determination of 1,4-dioxane in cosmetics. Various solvents including ethyl acetate, hexane, methanol, dichloromethane and acetone have been used for the extraction of 1,4-dioxane, among them the ethyl acetate was found to be the most efficient extracting solvent. This method has offered excellent quality parameters for instance linearity (R²?>?0.9991), limit of detection (LOD, 0.00065-0.00091?µg/mL), limit of quantification (LOQ, 0.00217-0.00304?µg/mL) and, precision intra-day (1.65-2.60%, n?=?5) and inter-day (0.16-0.32%, n?=?5) in terms of relative standard deviation (RSD%). A total of thirty-nine cosmetic samples of different brands and origin have been studied. Among them, the 1,4-dioxane was found in twenty-three samples (FB₁-FB₇, MC₁-MC₄, MC₆-MC₈, HS₃, HS₅, BL₁-BL₃, BL₅ and PLD₁-PLD₃) at the levels between 0.15?µg/mL and 9.92?µg/mL, whereas in sixteen samples (MC₅, HS₁, HS₂, SG₁-SG₅, BL₄ and HP₁- HP₆) was found to be not detected. The recovery values were achieved between 93% and 99% in both low and high level of spiked samples. In comparison to the traditional analytical techniques, the proposed method was found to be very sensitive and cost-effective for the routine analysis of 1,4-dioxane at low concentration in cosmetics.

SUBMITTER: Alsohaimi IH

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7090059 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Solvent extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometric determination of probable carcinogen 1,4-dioxane in cosmetic products.

Alsohaimi Ibrahim Hotan IH Khan Mohammad Rizwan MR Ali Hazim Mohammed HM Azam Mohammad M Alammari Ahmed Moid AM

Scientific reports 20200323 1

In the present work, a method based on solvent extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been validated for the determination of 1,4-dioxane in cosmetics. Various solvents including ethyl acetate, hexane, methanol, dichloromethane and acetone have been used for the extraction of 1,4-dioxane, among them the ethyl acetate was found to be the most efficient extracting solvent. This method has offered excellent quality parameters for instance linearity (R<sup>2</sup> > 0.9991), ...[more]

PMID: 32251326

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Project description:1,4-Dioxane (1,4-DX) is an environmental contaminant found in drinking water throughout the United States (US). While it is a suspected liver carcinogen, there is no federal or state maximum contaminant level for 1,4-DX in drinking water. Very little is known about the mechanisms by which this chemical elicits liver carcinogenicity. In the present study, we performed chronic and short-term dosing studies in female BDF-1 mice to explore the toxic effects of 1,4-DX. Histopathology studies and a multi-omics approach (transcriptomics and metabolomics) were performed to investigate potential mechanisms of toxicity. Mice were exposed to various concentrations of 1,4-DX (0, 50, 500 and 5,000 mg/L) in their drinking water for one or four weeks. Immunohistochemical analysis of the liver revealed an increase in the number of H2AXγ-positive hepatocytes (a marker of DNA double strand breaks) in mice exposed to 5,000 mg/L 1,4-DX for one and four weeks. In addition, an expansion of precholangiocytes was observed after four weeks of 5,000 mg/L 1,4-DX exposure, as reflected by CK-7 immunostaining. An increase in these markers reflect both DNA damage and repair mechanisms. Liver transcriptomics profiling showed that exposure to 5,000 mg/L 1,4-DX for four weeks resulted in the differential expression of 65 genes compared to controls. Pathway analysis of the transcriptomic data revealed 1,4-DX-induced perturbations in multiple signaling pathways in the liver, including those involved in xenobiotic metabolism, nicotine degradation and glutathione-mediated detoxification. Changes to these pathways as a result of 1,4-DX exposure reflect would be predicted to impact the oxidative stress response, detoxification, and DNA damage. Liver, kidney, stool and urine metabolomics profiling revealed no effect of 5,000 mg/L 1,4-DX exposure for one or four weeks on metabolites. We speculate that this may be reflective of DNA damage being counterbalanced by the repair response, with the net result being a null overall effect on the systemic biochemistry of the exposed mice. Our results show a novel approach for the investigation of environmental chemicals that do not elicit cell death, but have activated the repair systems in response to 1,4-DX exposure

Dataset Information

Solvent extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometric determination of probable carcinogen 1,4-dioxane in cosmetic products.

Publications

Solvent extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometric determination of probable carcinogen 1,4-dioxane in cosmetic products.

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