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Race, Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Chronic Lung Disease in the U.S.

ABSTRACT: Background:Higher socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as educational attainment and income reduce the risk of chronic lung diseases (CLDs) such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthma. Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs) refer to smaller health benefits of high SES for marginalized populations such as racial and ethnic minorities compared to the socially privileged groups such as non-Hispanic Whites. It is still unknown, however, if MDRs also apply to the effects of education and income on CLDs. Purpose:Using a nationally representative sample, the current study explored racial and ethnic variation in the associations between educational attainment and income and CLDs among American adults. Methods:In this study, we analyzed data (n = 25,659) from a nationally representative survey of American adults in 2013 and 2014. Wave one of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH)-Adult study was used. The independent variables were educational attainment (less than high school = 1, high school graduate = 2, and college graduate =3) and income (living out of poverty =1, living in poverty = 0). The dependent variable was any CLDs (i.e., COPD, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthma). Age, gender, employment, and region were the covariates. Race and ethnicity were the moderators. Logistic regressions were fitted to analyze the data. Results:Individuals with higher educational attainment and those with higher income (who lived out of poverty) had lower odds of CLDs. Race and ethnicity showed statistically significant interactions with educational attainment and income, suggesting that the protective effects of high education and income on reducing odds of CLDs were smaller for Blacks and Hispanics than for non-Hispanic Whites. Conclusions:Education and income better reduce the risk of CLDs among Whites than Hispanics and Blacks. That means we should expect disproportionately higher than expected risk of CLDs in Hispanics and Blacks with high SES. Future research should test if high levels of environmental risk factors contribute to the high risk of CLDs in high income and highly educated Black and Hispanic Americans. Policy makers should not reduce health inequalities to SES gaps because disparities sustain across SES levels, with high SES Blacks and Hispanics remaining at risk of health problems.

SUBMITTER: Assari S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7100893 | biostudies-literature | 2020

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Race, Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Chronic Lung Disease in the U.S.

Assari Shervin S Chalian Hamid H Bazargan Mohsen M

Research in health science 20200210 1

<h4>Background</h4>Higher socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as educational attainment and income reduce the risk of chronic lung diseases (CLDs) such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthma. Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs) refer to smaller health benefits of high SES for marginalized populations such as racial and ethnic minorities compared to the socially privileged groups such as non-Hispanic Whites. It is still unkn ...[more]

PMID: 32226910

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Project description:BACKGROUND:Very few studies with nationally representative samples have investigated the combined effects of race/ethnicity and socioeconomic position (SEP) on polypharmacy (PP) among older Americans. For instance, we do not know if prevalence of PP differs between African Americans (AA) and white older adults, whether this difference is due to a racial gap in SEP, or whether racial and ethnic differences exist in the effects of SEP indicators on PP. Aims: We investigated joint effects of race/ethnicity and SEP on PP in a national household sample of American older adults. Methods: The first wave of the University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging included a total of 906 older adults who were 65 years or older (80 AA and 826 white). Race/ethnicity, SEP (income, education attainment, marital status, and employment), age, gender, and PP (using 5+ medications) were measured. Logistic regression was applied for data analysis. Results: Race/ethnicity, age, marital status, and employment did not correlate with PP; however, female gender, low education attainment, and low income were associated with higher odds of PP among participants. Race/ethnicity interacted with low income on odds of PP, suggesting that low income might be more strongly associated with PP in AA than white older adults. Conclusions: While SEP indicators influence the risk of PP, such effects may not be identical across diverse racial and ethnic groups. That is, race/ethnicity and SEP have combined/interdependent rather than separate/independent effects on PP. Low-income AA older adults particularly need to be evaluated for PP. Given that race and SEP have intertwined effects on PP, racially and ethnically tailored interventions that address PP among low-income AA older adults may be superior to universal interventions and programs that ignore the specific needs of diverse populations. The results are preliminary and require replication in larger sample sizes, with PP measured directly without relying on individuals' self-reports, and with joint data collected on chronic disease.

Project description:ObjectivesThis study sought to describe the health status of outpatients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) by sex, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (SES).BackgroundAlthough a primary goal in treating patients with HFrEF is to optimize health status, whether disparities by sex, race/ethnicity, and SES exist is unknown.MethodsIn the CHAMP-HF (Change the Management of Patients with Heart Failure) registry, the associations among sex, race, and SES and health status, as measured by the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire-overall summary (KCCQ-os) score (range 0 to 100; higher scores indicate better health status) was compared among 3,494 patients from 140 U.S. clinics. SES was categorized by total household income. Hierarchical multivariate linear regression estimated differences in KCCQ-os score after adjusting for 31 patient characteristics and 10 medications.ResultsOverall mean KCCQ-os scores were 64.2 ± 24.0 but lower for women (29% of sample; 60.3 ± 24.0 vs. 65.9 ± 24.0, respectively; p < 0.001), for blacks (60.5 ± 25.0 vs. 64.9 ± 23.0, respectively; p < 0.001), for Hispanics (59.1 ± 21.0 vs. 64.9 ± 23.0, respectively; p < 0.001), and for those with the lowest income (<$25,000; mean: 57.1 vs. 63.1 to 74.7 for other income categories; p < 0.001). Fully adjusted KCCQ-os scores were 2.2 points lower for women (95% confidence interval [CI]: -3.8 to -0.6; p = 0.007), no different for blacks (p = 0.74), 4.0 points lower for Hispanics (95% CI: -6.6 to -1.3; p = 0.003), and lowest in the poorest patients (4.7 points lower than those with the highest income (95% CI: 0.1 to 9.2; p = 0.045; p for trend = 0.003).ConclusionsAmong outpatients with HFrEF, women, blacks, Hispanics, and poorer patients had worse health status, which remained significant for women, Hispanics, and poorer patients in fully adjusted analyses. This suggests an opportunity to further optimize treatment to reduce these observed disparities.

Project description:ImportanceSocioeconomic status may help delineate racial and ethnic inequities in mortality.ObjectiveTo investigate the joint associations of race, ethnicity, and neighborhood and individual socioeconomic status with mortality.Design, setting, and participantsThis prospective analysis used data from the Multiethnic Cohort Study. A population-based sample of participants recruited from California (mainly Los Angeles County) and Hawaii from 1993 to 1996 was followed up until 2013. African American, European American, Japanese American, Latino American, and Native Hawaiian men and women were included. Participants with baseline residential addresses that could not be geocoded or who were missing information on education or adjustment variables were excluded. Data analyses were conducted from January 2018 to December 2020.ExposuresNeighborhood socioeconomic status (nSES) was derived using US Census block group data on education, occupation, unemployment, household income, poverty, rent, and house values. Participants self-reported their highest education attainment. Five racial and ethnic groups, 2 states of residence, 2 nSES, and 2 education categories were combined to create a joint exposure variable. Low and high nSES were defined as quintiles 1 to 3 and 4 to 5, respectively. Low and high education levels were defined as high school or less and greater than high school graduate, respectively.Main outcomes and measuresAll-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, and non-CVD and noncancer deaths were ascertained through 2013 via linkage to death certificates and the US National Death Index. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were conducted.ResultsAmong 182 912 participants (100 785 [55.1%] women and 82 127 [44.9%] men; mean [SD] age, 60.0 [8.9] years; 31 138 African American, 45 796 European American, 52 993 Japanese American, 39 844 Latino American, and 13 141 Native Hawaiian participants) with a mean (SD) follow-up of 17 (5) years, there were 63 799 total deaths, including 23 191 CVD deaths, 19 008 cancer deaths, and 21 235 non-CVD and noncancer deaths. The lowest all-cause mortality was found among 15 104 Japanese American participants in Hawaii with high nSES and high education (eg, 2870 all-cause deaths [19.0%]), and this population served as the reference group for all regression analyses. Native Hawaiian participants in Hawaii with low nSES and low education had the highest all-cause mortality HR (2.38; 95% CI, 2.21-2.57). African American and European American participants in California with low nSES and low education had the next highest all-cause mortality HRs (2.01; 95% CI, 1.91-2.11 and 1.98; 95% CI, 1.85-2.12, respectively). Latino American participants in California with low nSES had equivalent all-cause mortality HRs regardless of education level (high education: 1.57; 95% CI, 1.48-1.66; low education: 1.57; 95% CI, 1.50-1.65). Patterns for cause-specific mortality were similar to those for all-cause mortality. For example, Native Hawaiian participants in Hawaii with low nSES and low education had highest CVD mortality HR (2.92; 95% CI, 2.60-3.27) and cancer mortality HR (2.01; 95% CI, 1.77-2.29).Conclusions and relevanceThese results suggest that joint associations of nSES and education may further delineate racial and ethnic inequities in mortality and that future investigations of racial and ethnic inequities in mortality should consider differences by measures of socioeconomic status, especially for underserved populations.

Dataset Information

Race, Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Chronic Lung Disease in the U.S.

Publications

Race, Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Chronic Lung Disease in the U.S.

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