Community-Level Social Processes and Firearm Shooting Events: A Multilevel Analysis.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Magee LA
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7101464 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BACKGROUND:Characteristics of social environments are potential risk factors for adolescent injury. Impacts of social capital on the occurrence of such injuries have rarely been explored. METHODS:General health questionnaires were completed by 8910 youth aged 14?years and older as part of the 2010 Canadian Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children study. These were supplemented with community-level data from the 2006 Canada Census of Population. Multilevel logistic regression models with random intercepts were fit to examine associations of interest. The reliability and validity of variables used in this analysis had been established in past studies, or in new analyses that employed factor analysis. RESULTS:Between school differences explained 2% of the variance in the occurrence of injuries. After adjustment for all confounders, community social capital did not have any impact on the occurrence of injuries in boys: OR: 1.01, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.29. However, living in areas with low social capital was associated with lower occurrence of injuries in girls (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.96). Other factors that were significantly related to injuries in both genders were younger age, engagement in more risky behaviours, and negative behavioural influences from peers. CONCLUSIONS:After simultaneously taking into account the influence of community-level and individual-level factors, community levels of social capital remained a relatively strong predictor of injury among girls but not boys. Such gender effects provide important clues into the social aetiology of youth injury.
| S-EPMC4717402 | biostudies-other
Project description:BackgroundIdentifying community characteristics associated with firearm assault could facilitate prevention. We investigated the effect of community firearm dealer and alcohol outlet densities on individual risk of firearm assault injury.MethodsIn this density-sampled case-control study of Californians, January 2005-September 2015, cases comprised all residents with a fatal or nonfatal firearm assault injury. For each month, we sampled controls from the state population in a 4:1 ratio with cases. Exposures were monthly densities of county-level pawn and nonpawn firearm dealers and ZIP code-level off-premises alcohol outlets and bars and pubs ("bars/pubs"). We used case-control-weighted G-computation to estimate risk differences (RD) statewide and among younger Black men, comparing observed exposure densities to hypothetical interventions setting these densities to low. We estimated additive interactions between firearm and alcohol retailer density. Secondary analyses examined interventions targeted to high exposure density or outcome burden areas.ResultsThere were 67,850 cases and 268,122 controls. Observed (vs. low) densities of pawn firearm dealers and off-premises alcohol outlets were individually associated with elevated monthly risk of firearm assault per 100,000 people (RD pawn dealers : 0.06, 95% CI: 0.05, 0.08; RD off-premises outlets : 0.01, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.03), but nonpawn firearm dealer and bar/pub density were not; models targeting only areas with the highest outcome burden were similar. Among younger Black men, estimates were larger. There was no interaction between firearm and alcohol retailer density.ConclusionsOur results are consistent with the hypothesis that limiting pawn firearm dealers and off-premises alcohol outlet densities can reduce interpersonal firearm violence.
| S-EPMC10538383 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:The World Health Organization recommends a minimum of 33 months between two consecutive live births to reduce the risk of adverse maternal and child health outcomes. However, determinants of short birth interval have not been well understood in Ethiopia. OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to assess individual- and community-level determinants of short birth interval among women in Ethiopia. METHODS:A detailed analysis of the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey data was performed. A total of 8,448 women were included in the analysis. A two-level multilevel logistic regression analysis was used to identify associated individual- and community-level factors and estimate between-community variance. RESULTS:At the individual-level, women aged between 20 and 24 years at first marriage (AOR = 1.37; 95% CI: 1.18-1.60), women aged between 25 and 29 years at first marriage (AOR = 1.65; 95% CI: 1.20-2.25), having a husband who attended higher education (AOR = 1.32; 95% CI: 1.01-1.73), being unemployed (AOR = 1.16; 95% CI: 1.03-1.31), having an unemployed husband (AOR = 1.23; 95% CI: 1.04-1.45), being in the poorest wealth quintile (AOR = 1.82; 95% CI: 1.39-2.39), being in the poorer wealth quintile (AOR = 1.58; 95% CI: 1.21-2.06), being in the middle wealth quintile (AOR = 1.61; 95% CI: 1.24-2.10), being in the richer wealth quintile (AOR = 1.54; 95% CI: 1.19-2.00), increased total number of children born before the index child (AOR = 1.07; 95% CI: 1.03-1.10) and death of the preceding child (AOR = 1.97; 95% CI: 1.59-2.45) were associated with increased odds of short birth interval. At the community-level, living in a pastoralist region (AOR = 2.01; 95% CI: 1.68-2.39), being a city dweller (AOR = 1.75; 95% CI: 1.38-2.22), high community-level female illiteracy (AOR = 1.23; 95% CI: 1.05-1.45) and increased distance to health facilities (AOR = 1.32; 95% CI: 1.11-1.56) were associated with higher odds of experiencing short birth interval. Random effects showed significant variation in short birth interval between communities. CONCLUSION:Determinants of short birth interval are varied and complex. Multifaceted intervention approaches supported by policy initiatives are required to prevent short birth interval.
| S-EPMC6959604 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionSkilled birth attendant (SBA) delivery is defined as assisting birth by a trained healthcare provider, which is vital for the health of mothers and newborns. Improving maternal health is one of the world health organization's (WHO) key priorities and skilled birth attendant delivery is one of the four pillars of the initiative for safe motherhood to reduce maternal mortality. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the individual and community-level factors associated with SBA delivery in Ethiopia.MethodA secondary data analysis was conducted using the 2019 Mini Ethiopian demographic and health survey. A total of 5,527 (weighted) live births were included in the analysis. A multi-level logistic regression model was fitted using Stata 14.0 to identify individual and community-level factors associated with SBA delivery. Finally, AOR with 95% CI and random effects were reported.ResultIn this study after fitting a multilevel model, women with poor (AOR = 0.44 95%CI 0.32-0.61) and middle wealth index (AOR = 0.64;95% CI 0.46-0.87), multipara (AOR = 0.39;95% CI 0.28-0.55) and grand multipara (AOR = 0.46;95% CI 0.29-0.72), women from rural areas (AOR = 0.34;95% CI 0.16-0.72) and high community poverty level (AOR = 0.40;95% CI 0.21-0.76) had decreased odds of having SBA delivery. Whereas those who initiated Antenatal care (ANC) visits in the first trimester (AOR = 2.65; 95% CI 1.52-4.65) and second trimester (AOR = 1.87:95%CI 1.09-3.20) had increased odds of having SBA delivery in Ethiopia.ConclusionIn this study socioeconomic factors like wealth index, parity, the timing of ANC visits, place of residency, and community poverty level were significantly associated with SBA delivery. Therefore, it is better to increase timely ANC initiation particularly for women with low levels of income to improve skilled birth attendant delivery.
| S-EPMC10393148 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Discovering causal mechanisms underlying firearm acquisition can provide critical insight into firearm-related violence in the United States. Here, we established an information-theoretic framework to address the long-disputed dichotomy between self-protection and fear of firearm regulations as potential drivers of firearm acquisition in the aftermath of a mass shooting. We collected data on mass shootings, federal background checks, media output on firearm control and shootings, and firearm safety laws from 1999 to 2017. First, we conducted a cluster analysis to partition States according to the restrictiveness of their firearm-related legal environment. Then, we performed a transfer entropy analysis to unveil causal relationships at the State-level in the Wiener-Granger sense. The analysis suggests that fear of stricter firearm regulations is a stronger driver than the desire of self-protection for firearm acquisitions. This fear is likely to cross State borders, thereby shaping a collective pattern of firearm acquisition throughout the Nation.
| S-EPMC7660383 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundInformal carers suffer from worse health outcomes than non-carers due to their caregiving role. Yet, in a society carers health is as important as that of their care recipients. This study investigated the self-assessed mental and general health outcomes of informal carers in Australia. It evaluated the influence of carers' personal social capital- a logically linked sequence of their social behaviour such as community participation, social support and trust in others- on their health outcomes. The study estimated the magnitude of small area level variation at Statistical Area Level 1 (SA1) along with individual level variation in carers' health outcomes.MethodsThe study used a multilevel mixed effects cross-sectional design using data from the Household Income and Labour Dynamics of Australia survey, wave 14. It included Australians aged 15 years and older that were surveyed in the year 2014. The sample consisted of 12,767 individuals and 5004 SA1s. The outcome measures included- mental health, general health and physical functioning, domains of the Short Form 36 Questionnaire, a widely used multi-dimensional measure of health-related quality of life.ResultsInformal carers suffered from poor mental (Beta = - 0.587, p = 0.003) and general health (Beta = - 0.670, p = 0.001) outcomes compared to non-carers in Australia. These health outcomes exhibited significant variation acrossSA1s in Australia, with 12-13% variation in general and mental health. However, within small local areas, differences at the individual level, accounted for most of the variation in outcomes. Moreover, levels of community participation, personal social connection and trust, as perceived by individuals in the communities, had a positive influence on both mental and general health of carers and non-carers, and were more beneficial for carers compared to non-carers.ConclusionIt seems that the positive influence of social capital for carers helps them in coping with the negative impact of their caregiving duty on health outcomes. Findings suggested that some targeted community support programs for carers to build on their personal social cohesion and trust in their community could help in improving their poor health profiles. Moreover, improved informal carers' health may help the health system in better managing their resources.
| S-EPMC7690182 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundDetermining the nutritional status of lactating women is important because underweight lactating mothers will have low energy levels and reduced cognitive abilities, which will affect the inadequate care of their young children. Thus, malnutrition is passed down from generation to generation, perpetuating the vicious cycle. There is scarce national data on determinants of underweight among lactating mothers in Ethiopia. Hence, this study aimed to identify individual and community-level determinants of underweight among lactating mothers in Ethiopia.MethodsData from the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) from 2016 were used. A total of 3848 lactating mothers were included in this study, and a multilevel, multivariable logistic regression model was fitted to identify determinants of underweight among lactating mothers.ResultsThe odds of being underweight among rural lactating mothers were 65% higher (AOR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.13, 2.41) than lactating mothers in the urban area. The odds of being underweight among lactating mothers who have toilet facilities were 33% lower (AOR = 0.67, 95%CI = 0.54, 0.83) compared with those do not have toilet facilities. Those mothers in the age group of 25-34 years and greater than 35 years had (AOR = 0.61,95%CI = 0.48, 0.79), and (AOR = 0.66, 95%CI = 0.47, 0.95) times lower chance of being underweight compared with those who had 15-24 years of age, respectively. The likelihood of being underweight among lactating mothers in high community poverty (AOR = 1.40, 95%CI = 1.08, 1.82) was higher than the lower community poverty level.ConclusionUnderweight among lactating mothers was significantly associated with individual-level (age and toilet facilities) variables and community-level (residence and community poverty). Therefore, focusing on these identified factors could improve underweight among lactating mothers in Ethiopia.
| S-EPMC9070908 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Stochastic actor-oriented models (SAOMs) are a modelling framework for analysing network dynamics using network panel data. This paper extends the SAOM to the analysis of multilevel network panels through a random coefficient model, estimated with a Bayesian approach. The proposed model allows testing theories about network dynamics, social influence, and interdependence of multiple networks. It is illustrated by a study of the dynamic interdependence of friendship networks and minor delinquency. Data were available for 126 classrooms in the first year of secondary school, of which 82 were used, containing relatively few missing data points and having not too much network turnover.
| S-EPMC10376442 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Social events are rich in information, yet research into how people remember such events has typically been limited to considering one aspect (e.g., faces, behaviors) at a time. Based on an internal meta-analysis of a program work encompassing 15 laboratory, field, and on-line experiments involving 1,230 participants, we found that construal level influences both the ability to recognize people involved in the event (d = 0.30) and the way the social aspects of the event are described (average d = 0.48). In contrast, memory for background objects/scenes that were present during the event was unaffected by construal level. We discuss these findings in terms of their implications for both event memory (and situations where different aspects of the same event are remembered) and for construal level (and the question of how and when construal is likely to affect memory).
| S-EPMC9245159 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundMaternal health service utilization decreases maternal morbidity and mortality. However, the existing evidence is inadequate to design effective intervention strategies in Ethiopia.ObjectivesThis study aimed to examine the utilization of maternal health service and identify its determinants among women of reproductive age in southern Ethiopia.DesignA community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from October 21 to November 11, 2022 on a sample of 1140 women selected randomly from the Northern Zone of the Sidama region.MethodsData were collected using the Open Data Kit mobile application and exported to Stata version 15 for analysis. We used a multilevel mixed-effects modified Poisson regression with robust standard error to identify determinants of maternal health service utilization.ResultsUtilization of antenatal care, health facility delivery, and postnatal care was 52.0% (95% confidence interval: 49.0%, 55.0%), 48.5% (95% confidence interval: 45.6%, 51.4%), and 26.0% (95% confidence interval: 23.0%, 29.0%), respectively. Antenatal care use was associated with receiving model family training (adjusted prevalence ratio: 1.19; 95% confidence interval: 1.06, 1.35), knowledge of antenatal care (adjusted prevalence ratio: 1.54; 95% confidence interval: 1.31, 1.81), perceived quality of antenatal care (adjusted prevalence ratio: 1.02; 95% confidence interval: 1.01, 1.03), and having birth preparedness plan (adjusted prevalence ratio: 1.13; 95% confidence interval: 1.02, 1.25). The identified determinants of health facility delivery use were middle wealth rank (adjusted prevalence ratio: 1.35; 95% confidence interval: 1.03, 1.77), perceived quality of health facility delivery (adjusted prevalence ratio: 1.02; 95% confidence interval: 1.01, 1.03), antenatal care (adjusted prevalence ratio: 1.76; 95% confidence interval: 1.36, 2.26), and high community-level women literacy (adjusted prevalence ratio: 1.55; 95% confidence interval: 1.10, 2.19). Postnatal care use was associated with facing health problems during postpartum period (adjusted prevalence ratio: 1.79; 95% confidence interval: 1.18, 2.72), urban residence (adjusted prevalence ratio: 3.52; 95% confidence interval: 2.15, 5.78), knowledge of postnatal care (adjusted prevalence ratio: 1.11; 95% confidence interval: 1.04, 1.19), and low community-level poverty (adjusted prevalence ratio: 0.43; 95% confidence interval: 0.25, 0.73).ConclusionMaternal health service use was low in the study area and was influenced by individual- and community-level determinants. Any intervention strategies must consider multi-sectorial collaboration to address determinants at different levels. The programs should focus on the provision of model family training, the needs of women who have a poor perception, and knowledge of maternal health service at the individual level.
| S-EPMC10748615 | biostudies-literature