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Evolutionary Ecology and Interplay of Prokaryotic Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems.

ABSTRACT: Like many organisms, bacteria and archaea have both innate and adaptive immune systems to defend against infection by viruses and other parasites. Innate immunity most commonly relies on the endonuclease-mediated cleavage of any incoming DNA that lacks a specific epigenetic modification, through a system known as restriction-modification. CRISPR-Cas-mediated adaptive immunity relies on the insertion of short DNA sequences from parasite genomes into CRISPR arrays on the host genome to provide sequence-specific protection. The discovery of each of these systems has revolutionised our ability to carry out genetic manipulations, and, as a consequence, the enzymes involved have been characterised in exquisite detail. In comparison, much less is known about the importance of these two arms of the defence for the ecology and evolution of prokaryotes and their parasites. Here, we review our current ecological and evolutionary understanding of these systems in isolation, and discuss the need to study how innate and adaptive immune responses are integrated when they coexist in the same cell.

SUBMITTER: Dimitriu T

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7116224 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Evolutionary Ecology and Interplay of Prokaryotic Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems.

Dimitriu Tatiana T Szczelkun Mark D MD Westra Edze R ER

Current biology : CB 20201001 19

Like many organisms, bacteria and archaea have both innate and adaptive immune systems to defend against infection by viruses and other parasites. Innate immunity most commonly relies on the endonuclease-mediated cleavage of any incoming DNA that lacks a specific epigenetic modification, through a system known as restriction-modification. CRISPR-Cas-mediated adaptive immunity relies on the insertion of short DNA sequences from parasite genomes into CRISPR arrays on the host genome to provide seq ...[more]

PMID: 33022264

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Project description:BACKGROUND:The developmental time of vector insects is important in population dynamics, evolutionary biology, epidemiology and in their responses to global climatic change. In the triatomines (Triatominae, Reduviidae), vectors of Chagas disease, evolutionary ecology concepts, which may allow for a better understanding of their biology, have not been applied. Despite delay in the molting in some individuals observed in triatomines, no effort was made to explain this variability. METHODOLOGY:We applied four methods: (1) an e-mail survey sent to 30 researchers with experience in triatomines, (2) a statistical description of the developmental time of eleven triatomine species, (3) a relationship between development time pattern and climatic inter-annual variability, (4) a mathematical optimization model of evolution of developmental delay (diapause). PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:85.6% of responses informed on prolonged developmental times in 5(th) instar nymphs, with 20 species identified with remarkable developmental delays. The developmental time analysis showed some degree of bi-modal pattern of the development time of the 5(th) instars in nine out of eleven species but no trend between development time pattern and climatic inter-annual variability was observed. Our optimization model predicts that the developmental delays could be due to an adaptive risk-spreading diapause strategy, only if survival throughout the diapause period and the probability of random occurrence of "bad" environmental conditions are sufficiently high. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE:Developmental delay may not be a simple non-adaptive phenotypic plasticity in development time, and could be a form of adaptive diapause associated to a physiological mechanism related to the postponement of the initiation of reproduction, as an adaptation to environmental stochasticity through a spreading of risk (bet-hedging) strategy. We identify a series of parameters that can be measured in the field and laboratory to test this hypothesis. The importance of these findings is discussed in terms of global climatic change and epidemiological consequences.

Project description:BackgroundAdult immunocompetent male C57Bl/6 mucopolysaccharidosis, type I (MPSI) mice develop aortic insufficiency (AI), dilated ascending aortas and decreased cardiac function, findings not observed in immune incompetent adult male NSG MPSI mice. We sought to determine why.MethodsCardiac ultrasound measurements of ascending aorta and left ventricular dimensions and Doppler interrogation for AI were performed in 6-month-old male B6 MPSI (N = 12), WT (N = 6), NSG MPSI (N = 8), NSG (N = 6) mice. Urinary glycosaminoglycans, RNA sequencing with quantitative PCR were performed and aortic pathology assessed by routine and immunohistochemical staining on subsets of murine aortas.ResultsAscending aortic diameters were significantly greater, left ventricular function significantly decreased, and AI significantly more frequent in B6 MPSI mice compared to NSG MPSI mice (p < 0.0001, p = 0.008 and p = 0.02, respectively); NSG and B6 WT mice showed no changes. Urinary glycosaminoglycans were significantly greater in B6 and NSG MPSI mice and both were significantly elevated compared to WT controls (p = 0.003 and p < 0.0001, respectively). By RNA sequencing, all 11 components of the inflammasome pathway were upregulated in B6 MUT, but only Aim2 and Ctsb in NSG MUT mice and none in WT controls. Both B6 and NSG MUT mice demonstrated variably-severe intramural inflammation, vacuolated cells, elastin fragmentation and disarray, and intense glycosaminoglycans on histological staining. B6 MPSI mice demonstrated numerous medial MAC2+ macrophages and adventitial CD3+ T-cells while MAC2+ macrophages were sparse and CD3+ T-cells absent in NSG MPSI mice.ConclusionsAortic dilation, AI and decreased cardiac function occur in immunocompetent B6 MPSI male mice but not in immune incompetent NSG MPSI mice, unrelated to GAG excretion, upregulation of Ctsb, or routine histologic appearance. Upregulation of all components of the inflammasome pathway in B6 MUT, but not NSG MUT mice, and abundant medial MAC2 and adventitial CD3 infiltrates in B6, but not NSG, MPSI aortas differentiated the two strains. These results suggest that the innate and adaptive immune systems play a role in these cardiac findings which may be relevant to human MPSI.

Dataset Information

Evolutionary Ecology and Interplay of Prokaryotic Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems.

Publications

Evolutionary Ecology and Interplay of Prokaryotic Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems.

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