Rhinoviruses
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Kaslow R
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7120790 | biostudies-literature | 2014 Feb
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Human rhinoviruses (HRVs), first discovered in the 1950s, are responsible for more than one-half of cold-like illnesses and cost billions of dollars annually in medical visits and missed days of work. Advances in molecular methods have enhanced our understanding of the genomic structure of HRV and have led to the characterization of three genetically distinct HRV groups, designated groups A, B, and C, within the genus Enterovirus and the family Picornaviridae. HRVs are traditionally associated with upper respiratory tract infection, otitis media, and sinusitis. In recent years, the increasing implementation of PCR assays for respiratory virus detection in clinical laboratories has facilitated the recognition of HRV as a lower respiratory tract pathogen, particularly in patients with asthma, infants, elderly patients, and immunocompromised hosts. Cultured isolates of HRV remain important for studies of viral characteristics and disease pathogenesis. Indeed, whether the clinical manifestations of HRV are related directly to viral pathogenicity or secondary to the host immune response is the subject of ongoing research. There are currently no approved antiviral therapies for HRVs, and treatment remains primarily supportive. This review provides a comprehensive, up-to-date assessment of the basic virology, pathogenesis, clinical epidemiology, and laboratory features of and treatment and prevention strategies for HRVs.
| S-EPMC3553670 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Human rhinoviruses (RVs) are picornaviruses that can cause a variety of upper and lower respiratory tract illnesses, including the common cold, bronchitis, pneumonia, and exacerbations of chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma. There are currently > 160 known types of RVs classified into three species (A, B, and C) that use three different cellular membrane glycoproteins expressed in the respiratory epithelium to enter the host cell. These viral receptors are intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (used by the majority of RV-A and all RV-B types), low-density lipoprotein receptor family members (used by 12 RV-A types), and cadherin-related family member 3 (CDHR3; used by RV-C). RV-A and RV-B interactions with intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and low-density lipoprotein receptor glycoproteins are well defined and their cellular functions have been described, whereas the mechanisms of the RV-C interaction with CDHR3 and its cellular functions are being studied. A single nucleotide polymorphism (rs6967330) in CDHR3 increases cell surface expression of this protein and, as a result, also promotes RV-C infections and illnesses. There are currently no approved vaccines or antiviral therapies available to treat or prevent RV infections, which is a major unmet medical need. Understanding interactions between RV and cellular receptors could lead to new insights into the pathogenesis of respiratory illnesses as well as lead to new approaches to control respiratory illnesses caused by RV infections.
| S-EPMC6533451 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are the most common cause of viral illness worldwide but today, less than half the strains have been sequenced and only a handful examined structurally. This viral super-group, known for decades, has still to face the full force of a molecular biology onslaught. However, newly identified viruses (NIVs) including human metapneumovirus and bocavirus and emergent viruses including SARS-CoV have already been exhaustively scrutinized. The clinical impact of most respiratory NIVs is attributable to one or two major strains but there are 100+ distinct HRVs and, because we have never sought them independently, we must arbitrarily divide the literature's clinical impact findings among them. Early findings from infection studies and use of inefficient detection methods have shaped the way we think of 'common cold' viruses today. OBJECTIVES:To review past HRV-related studies in order to put recent HRV discoveries into context. RESULTS:HRV infections result in undue antibiotic prescriptions, sizable healthcare-related expenditure and exacerbation of expiratory wheezing associated with hospital admission. CONCLUSION:The finding of many divergent and previously unrecognized HRV strains has drawn attention and resources back to the most widespread and frequent infectious agent of humans; providing us the chance to seize the advantage in a decades-long cold war.
| S-EPMC7108405 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Rhinoviruses, formerly known as Human rhinoviruses, are the most common cause of air-borne upper respiratory tract infections in humans. Rhinoviruses belong to the family Picornaviridae and are divided into three species namely, Rhinovirus A, -B and -C, which are antigenically diverse. Genetic recombination is found to be one of the important causes for diversification of Rhinovirus species. Although emerging lineages within Rhinoviruses have been reported, their population structure has not been studied yet. The availability of complete genome sequences facilitates study of population structure, genetic diversity and underlying evolutionary forces, such as mutation, recombination and selection pressure. Analysis of complete genomes of Rhinoviruses using a model-based population genetics approach provided a strong evidence for existence of seven genetically distinct subpopulations. As a result of diversification, Rhinovirus A and -C populations are divided into four and two subpopulations, respectively. Genetically, the Rhinovirus B population was found to be homogeneous. Intra-species recombination was observed to be prominent in Rhinovirus A and -C species. Significant evidence of episodic positive selection was obtained for several sites within coding sequences of structural and non-structural proteins. This corroborates well with known phenotypic properties such as antigenicity of structural proteins. Episodic positive selection appears to be responsible for emergence of new lineages especially in Rhinovirus A. In summary, the Rhinovirus population is an ensemble of seven distinct lineages. In case of Rhinovirus A, intra-species recombination and episodic positive selection contribute to its further diversification. In case of Rhinovirus C, intra- and inter-species recombinations are responsible for observed diversity. Population genetics approach was further useful to analyze phylogenetic tree topologies pertaining to recombinant strains, especially when trees are derived using complete genomes. Understanding of population structure serves as a foundation for designing new vaccines and drugs as well as to explain emergence of drug resistance amongst subpopulations.
| S-EPMC3929619 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Human rhinoviruses (RV) are associated with the majority of viral respiratory illnesses in infants, children and adults. Over the last several years, researchers have begun to sequence the many different species and strains of RV in order to determine if certain species were associated with increased disease severity. There are a variety of techniques employed to prepare samples for sequencing. One method utilizes plasmid-cloning, which is expensive and takes several hours to complete. Recently, some investigators have instead used direct sequencing to sequence RV strains, allowing for omission of the time- and labor-intensive cloning step. This study formally compares and contrasts the sequencing results obtained from plasmid-cloning and direct Sanger sequencing of a 500 base pair PCR product covering the VP4/VP2 region of RV. A slightly longer sequence (by 65 base pairs on average) was obtained when specimens were plasmid-cloned, and the sequences were 86% similar. After trimming the extra base pairs from the cloned sequences, the sequences were 99.7% identical. Overall success of directly sequencing samples was similar to that of cloning, 5% on average failed for each technique. Therefore, in many instances, directly sequencing samples may be considered in lieu of the more expensive and time-consuming plasmid-cloning technique.
| S-EPMC4786303 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundRhinoviruses (RV) are key triggers in acute asthma exacerbations. Previous studies suggest that men suffer from infectious diseases more frequently and with greater severity than women. Additionally, the immune response to most infections and vaccinations decreases with age. Most immune function studies do not account for such differences, therefore the aim of this study was to determine if the immune response to rhinovirus varies with sex or age.MethodsBlood mononuclear cells were isolated from 63 healthy individuals and grouped by sex and age (?50 years old and ?52 years old). Cells were cultured with rhinovirus 16 at a multiplicity of infection of 1. The chemokine IP-10 was measured at 24 h as an index of innate immunity while IFN? and IL-13 were measured at 5 days as an index of adaptive immunity.ResultsRhinovirus induced IFN? and IL-13 was significantly higher in ?50 year old women than in age matched men (p < 0.02 and p < 0.05) and ?52 year old women (p < 0.02 and p > 0.005). There was no sex or age based difference in rhinovirus induced IP-10 expression. Both IFN? and IL-13 were negatively correlated with age in women but not in men.ConclusionsThis study suggests that pre-menopausal women have a stronger adaptive immune response to rhinovirus infection than men and older people, though the mechanisms responsible for these differences remain to be determined. Our findings highlight the importance of gender and age balance in clinical studies and in the development of new treatments and vaccines.
| S-EPMC3024249 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Human rhinoviruses (RVs) are picornaviruses that can cause a variety of illnesses including the common cold, lower respiratory tract illnesses such as bronchitis and pneumonia, and exacerbations of asthma. RVs are classified into three species, RV-A, B, and C, which include over 160 types. They utilize three major types of cellular membrane glycoproteins to gain entry into the host cell: intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) (the majority of RV-A and all RV-B), low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) family members (12 RV-A types), and cadherin-related family member 3 (CDHR3) (RV-C). CDHR3 is a member of cadherin superfamily of transmembrane proteins with yet unknown biological function, and there is relatively little information available about the mechanisms of RV-C interaction with CDHR3. A coding single nucleotide polymorphism (rs6967330) in CDHR3 could promote RV-C infections and illnesses in infancy, which could in turn adversely affect the developing lung to increase the risk of asthma. Further studies are needed to determine how RV infections contribute to pathogenesis of asthma and to develop the optimal treatment approach to control asthma exacerbations.
| S-EPMC4854667 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Rhinoviruses are ubiquitous human pathogens of the upper respiratory tract and are the major cause of acute exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. At least 160 antigenically distinct serotypes or strains have been identified and protective immunity is largely serotype specific. Attempts to produce vaccines that induce broad immunity have met with limited success which is due in part to this antigenic diversity and a lack of information regarding the ideal protective immune responses. Recent approaches identifying conserved rhinovirus epitopes and better definitions of the immune correlates of protection have raised hope. Here, these newer findings are outlined and the prospects for such a universal rhinovirus vaccine are discussed.
| S-EPMC7227714 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Several species of the genus Enterovirus cause persistent infections in humans. Human rhinovirus (HRV) infections are generally self-limiting but occasionally persistent infections have been described. This study aimed to identify persistent HRV infections and investigate the clinical and virologic characteristics of patients with persistent infections. From January 2012 to March 2015, 3714 respiratory specimens from 2608 patients were tested for respiratory viruses by using a multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. A retrospective study was performed. Patients with at least two specimens positive for HRV/enterovirus taken 45 days or longer apart were identified and the HRV/enteroviruses were typed. Patients with persistent infection were compared to patients with reinfection and patients with cleared infection. Phylogenetic analysis of the viral protein(VP)4/VP2 region was performed. 18 patients with persistent HRV/enterovirus infection were identified. Minimum median duration of persistence was 92 days (range 50-455 days). All but one patients with persistence were immunosuppressed. Immunosuppression and hematologic disorders were more frequent in patients with persistence (n = 18) than in patients with reinfection (n = 33) and with cleared infection (n = 25) (p = 0.003 and p = 0.001, respectively). In conclusion, this retrospective study identified HRV persistence in vivo which occurred mainly in immunosuppressed patients.
| S-EPMC5289482 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Rhinoviruses (RVs) and respiratory enteroviruses (EVs) are leading causes of upper respiratory tract infections and among the most frequent infectious agents in humans worldwide. Both are classified in the Enterovirus genus within the Picornaviridae family and they have been assigned to seven distinct species, RV-A, B, C and EV-A, B, C, D. As viral infections of public health significance, they represent an important financial burden on health systems worldwide. However, the lack of efficient antiviral treatment or vaccines against these highly prevalent pathogens prevents an effective management of RV-related diseases. Current advances in molecular diagnostic techniques have revealed the presence of RV in the lower respiratory tract and its role in lower airway diseases is increasingly reported. In addition to an established etiological role in the common cold, these viruses demonstrate an unexpected capacity to spread to other body sites under certain conditions. Some of these viruses have received particular attention recently, such as EV-D68 that caused a large outbreak of respiratory illness in 2014, respiratory EVs from species C, or viruses within the newly-discovered RV-C species. This review provides an update of the latest findings on clinical and fundamental aspects of RV and respiratory EV, including a summary of basic knowledge of their biology.
| S-EPMC4728576 | biostudies-literature