Dataset Information

A Multilevel Analysis of Regional and Gender Differences in the Drinking Behavior of 23 Countries.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Drinking behavior differs not only among countries, but also among regions within a country. However, the extent of such variation and the interplay between gender and regional differences in drinking have not been explored and are addressed in this study. Methods: Data stem from 105,061 individuals from 23 countries of the GENACIS data set. The outcomes were heavy drinking (10/20?g or more of pure ethanol per day for women/men), and risky single occasion drinking (RSOD) (5+ drinks per occasion) at least monthly. Analyses used binary logistic mixed models. Variance at specific levels was measured by the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Gender differences in outcomes were measured using gender ratios. Results: Country-level ICC was 0.13 (95% CI: 0.09-0.18) for heavy drinking and 0.16 (95% CI: 0.10-0.26) for RSOD. Within-country regional-level ICC for heavy drinking and RSOD was 0.02 (95% CI: 0.009-0.05; 0.01-0.04, respectively), implying that 2% of variation in heavy drinking and RSOD was explained by regional variation. Variance in drinking indicators was larger for women compared to men across countries. Gender ratios were higher in low- and middle-income countries. Conclusions: Regional variations in risky drinking were more often present in low- to middle-income countries as well as in a few higher-income countries, and could be due to cultural and demographic differences. Variations in gender differences were larger on the country level than on the regional level, with lower-income countries showing larger differences. These results can help to better identify specific high-risk groups for prevention strategies.

SUBMITTER: Grittner U

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7125004 | biostudies-literature | 2020

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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A Multilevel Analysis of Regional and Gender Differences in the Drinking Behavior of 23 Countries.

Grittner Ulrike U Wilsnack Sharon S Kuntsche Sandra S Greenfield Thomas K TK Wilsnack Richard R Kristjanson Arlinda A Bloomfield Kim K

Substance use & misuse 20191226 5

<i>Introduction</i>: Drinking behavior differs not only among countries, but also among regions within a country. However, the extent of such variation and the interplay between gender and regional differences in drinking have not been explored and are addressed in this study. <i>Methods</i>: Data stem from 105,061 individuals from 23 countries of the GENACIS data set. The outcomes were heavy drinking (10/20 g or more of pure ethanol per day for women/men), and risky single occasion drinking (RS ...[more]

PMID: 31876222

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Project description:BackgroundThe inbred mouse strain C57BL/6 is widely used in both models of addiction and immunological disease. However, there are pronounced phenotypic differences in ethanol (EtOH) consumption and innate immune response between C57BL/6 substrains. The focus of this study was to examine the effects of substrain on innate immune response and neuroimmune-induced escalation of voluntary EtOH consumption. The main goal was to identify whether substrain differences in immune response can account for differences in EtOH behavior.MethodsWe compared acute innate immune response with a viral dsRNA mimic, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), in brain using qRT-PCR in both C57BL/6N and C57BL/6J mice. Next, we used a neuroimmune model of escalation using poly(I:C) to compare drinking behavior between substrains. Finally, we compared brain neuroimmune response with both EtOH and repeated poly(I:C) in both substrains as a way to account for differences in EtOH behavior.ResultsWe found that C57BL/6 substrains have differing immune response and drinking behaviors. C57BL/6N mice have a shorter but more robust inflammatory response to acute poly(I:C). In contrast, C57BL/6J mice have a smaller but longer-lasting acute immune response to poly(I:C). In our neuroimmune-induced escalation model, C57BL/6J mice but not C57BL/6N mice escalate EtOH intake after poly(I:C). Finally, only C57BL/6J mice show enhanced proinflammatory transcript abundance after poly(I:C) and EtOH, suggesting that longer-lasting immune responses are critical to neuroimmune drinking phenotypes.ConclusionsAltogether, this work has elucidated additional influences that substrain has on both innate immune response and drinking phenotypes. Our observations highlight the importance of considering and reporting the source and background used for production of transgenic and knockout mice. These data provide further evidence that genetic background must be carefully considered when investigating the role of neuroimmune signaling in EtOH abuse.

Dataset Information

A Multilevel Analysis of Regional and Gender Differences in the Drinking Behavior of 23 Countries.

Publications

A Multilevel Analysis of Regional and Gender Differences in the Drinking Behavior of 23 Countries.

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