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Donkey Internal Medicine—Part II: Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Neurologic, Urinary, Ophthalmic, Dermatology, and Musculoskeletal Disorders

ABSTRACT: Cardiovascular diseases are scarcely reported in donkeys, probably linked to their limited athletic attitude and low frequency of poor performance-related examinations. Reports on treatments for cardiovascular pathologies are anecdotal in donkeys. Respiratory tract anatomy shows important differences between horses and donkeys. Donkeys and mules can act as reservoirs spreading many viral, bacterial, and parasitic infectious respiratory diseases. Mosquito and tick-borne encephalitis have been reported in these species in the later years, and even donkeys are being used as sentinels in some areas to detect these emerging diseases. Management and treatment of lithiases can be transferable from horses; however, the same assumption must still be demonstrated for acute and chronic renal diseases. Ocular pathologies are similar to horses, with corneal ulcers frequently observed. Lameness is a common problem in donkeys, with laminitis as the most reported cause followed by pedal abscess. Highlights • Donkeys are different to horses.• Numerous physiological and clinicopathologic idiosyncrasies are reported in horses.• Data published for horses should not be extrapolated for donkeys.• Specific reference ranges, doses, and protocols have to be used for donkeys.

SUBMITTER: Mendoza F

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7125788 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Donkey Internal Medicine—Part I: Metabolic, Endocrine, and Alimentary Tract Disturbances

Project description:Metabolic and endocrine disturbances are common in donkeys. This species has an inherent ability to thrive with limited and poor-quality roughage. Donkeys are extremely efficient in energy storage and mobilization, which predisposes to hyperlipemia, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. The prevalence of dyslipidemias is higher in donkeys than other equids, which is more evident under stressful conditions. Diagnosis of endocrine and metabolic disorders in donkeys should be based on species-specific information considering that differences in a multitude of variables compared with horses have been demonstrated. Protocols to assess endocrine disorders (e.g., pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, metabolic syndrome, and thyroid illness) are unavailable, and extrapolation from horse data can be misleading. Treatment guidelines for these conditions in donkeys are currently not reported. On the other hand, the typical stoic and hardy behavior of donkeys can hinder prompt diagnosis of gastrointestinal problems, specifically colic, which is commonly caused by dental issues in this species. Moreover, subclinical gastric ulcer syndrome appears to be a common pathology in this species, especially in working donkeys. Highlights • Donkeys are different to horses.• Numerous physiological and clinic-pathologic idiosyncrasies are reported in horses.• Data published for horses should not be extrapolated for donkeys.• Specific reference ranges, doses, and protocols have to be used for donkeys.

| S-EPMC7111315 | biostudies-literature

Dermatology curriculum for internal medicine residents: a randomized trial.

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Musculoskeletal exam and joint injection training for internal medicine residents.

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| S-EPMC3298379 | biostudies-literature

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