Development of Holistic Episodic Recollection.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Ngo CT
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7137142 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Recollection is thought to be the hallmark of episodic memory. Here we provide evidence that the hippocampus binds together the diverse elements forming an event, allowing holistic recollection via pattern completion of all elements. Participants learn complex 'events' from multiple overlapping pairs of elements, and are tested on all pairwise associations. At encoding, element 'types' (locations, people and objects/animals) produce activation in distinct neocortical regions, while hippocampal activity predicts memory performance for all within-event pairs. When retrieving a pairwise association, neocortical activity corresponding to all event elements is reinstated, including those incidental to the task. Participant's degree of incidental reinstatement correlates with their hippocampal activity. Our results suggest that event elements, represented in distinct neocortical regions, are bound into coherent 'event engrams' in the hippocampus that enable episodic recollection--the re-experiencing or holistic retrieval of all aspects of an event--via a process of hippocampal pattern completion and neocortical reinstatement.
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Project description:Episodic memory is defined as the conscious retrieval of specific past events. Whether accurate episodic retrieval requires a recollective experience or if a feeling of knowing is sufficient remains unresolved. We recently devised an ecological approach to investigate the controlled cued-retrieval of episodes composed of unnamable odors (What) located spatially (Where) within a visual context (Which context). By combining the Remember/Know procedure with our laboratory-ecological approach in an original way, the present study demonstrated that the accurate odor-evoked retrieval of complex and multimodal episodes overwhelmingly required conscious recollection. A feeling of knowing, even when associated with a high level of confidence, was not sufficient to generate accurate episodic retrieval. Interestingly, we demonstrated that the recollection of accurate episodic memories was promoted by odor retrieval-cue familiarity and describability. In conclusion, our study suggested that semantic knowledge about retrieval-cues increased the recollection which is the state of awareness required for the accurate retrieval of complex episodic memories.
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Project description:Alcohol and other pharmacologically similar sedatives (i.e., GABAA positive allosteric modulators or PAMs) impair the encoding of new episodic memories but retroactively facilitate the consolidation of recently encoded memories. These effects are consistent for recollection (i.e., the retrieval of details) but some mixed results have been reported for familiarity (i.e., a feeling of knowing a stimulus was presented). Here, with dual-process models, we reanalyzed prior work testing the effects of GABAA PAMs at encoding or consolidation. Contrary to previous conclusions, we show that GABAA PAMs at encoding consistently impair both recollection and familiarity when an independence correction is applied to familiarity-based responses. These findings were further confirmed and extended in a dual-process signal detection analysis of a recent study on the effects of alcohol during encoding or consolidation: Alcohol at encoding impaired both recollection and familiarity, whereas alcohol at consolidation enhanced both recollection and familiarity. These findings speak to the ability of alcohol and other GABAA PAMs to induce 'blackouts,' highlighting the importance of dual-process approaches when analyzing drug manipulations at different phases of episodic memory.
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Project description:Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon concerns the development of higher ambient temperatures in urban districts compared to the surrounding rural areas. Several studies investigated the influence of individual parameters in the UHI phenomenon, on the other hand, an exhaustive study that quantifies the influence of each parameter in the resulting UHI is missing in the related literature. This paper proposes a new index aimed at quantifying the hazard of the absolute maximum UHI intensity in urban districts during the Summer season by taking all the parameters influencing the phenomenon into account. In addition, for the first time, the influence of each parameter has been quantified. City albedo and the presence of greenery represent the most important characteristics with an influence of 29% and 21%. Population density, width of streets, canyon orientation and building height has a medium influence of 12%, 10%, 9% and 8% respectively. The remaining parameters have an overall influence of 11%. These results are achieved by exploiting three synergistically related techniques: the Analytic Hierarchy Processes to analyse the parameters involved in the UHI phenomenon; a state-of-the-art technique to acquire a large set of data; and an optimization procedure involving a involving a Jackknife resampling approach to calibrate the index by exploiting the effective UHI intensity measured in a total of 41 urban districts and 35 European Cities.
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Project description:Recollection - retrieval of qualitative information about a past event - is associated with enhanced neural activity in a consistent set of neural regions (the 'core recollection network') seemingly regardless of the nature of the recollected content. Here, we employed multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA) to assess whether retrieval-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activity in core recollection regions - including the hippocampus, angular gyrus, medial prefrontal cortex, retrosplenial/posterior cingulate cortex, and middle temporal gyrus - contain information about studied content and thus demonstrate retrieval-related 'reinstatement' effects. During study, participants viewed objects and concrete words that were subjected to different encoding tasks. Test items included studied words, the names of studied objects, or unstudied words. Participants judged whether the items were recollected, familiar, or new by making 'remember', 'know', and 'new' responses, respectively. The study history of remembered test items could be reliably decoded using MVPA in most regions, as well as from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, a region where univariate recollection effects could not be detected. The findings add to evidence that members of the core recollection network, as well as at least one neural region where mean signal is insensitive to recollection success, carry information about recollected content. Importantly, the study history of recognized items endorsed with a 'know' response could be decoded with equal accuracy. The results thus demonstrate a striking dissociation between mean signal and multi-voxel indices of recollection. Moreover, they converge with prior findings in suggesting that, as it is operationalized by classification-based MVPA, reinstatement is not uniquely a signature of recollection.
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Project description:OBJECTIVE:to describe the development of an English and Brazilian Portuguese Holistic Debriefing Tool focused on nursing educator to promote a reflective learning. METHOD:a methodology study, with three phases: integrative literature review; tool development and review of a panel of nursing experts. The literature review tracked a systematic process. For the tool development were used literature review results, Lederman's Debriefing Process and Zabala's learning framework as theoretical referential to promote a reflective learning in High-Fidelity Simulation. The panel of nursing experts analysed the quality of the tool. RESULTS:literature review evidenced gaps about educator pedagogical preparation and indicated no holistic debriefing tool exists which captures formative and summative aspects of debriefing guidance to assist the educator to debrief. Debriefing tool was purposed with two pages: first page were recommended how conduct debriefing and second page is a questions guidance. The tool evaluation was undertaken for a total of three modifications for congruence and concept reader clarity. CONCLUSION:it was proposed a holistic debriefing tool focused on nursing educator. This study provides an overall picture of the process to promote a reflexive learning in High-Fidelity Simulation and to contribute to formal nursing educator training to apply best pedagogical practice.
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Project description:BACKGROUND:Anger related issues in adolescents are an important contributor to adolescent mortality and many negative developmental outcomes. Anger being the most primitive defence mechanism, determining its maladaptive nature is a complex phenomenon. Further, it lacks clarity in terms of its definition, demarcation from aggression and hostility, and also its assessment. Available anger rating scales do not represent anger adequately or comprehensively. The concept of anger is dealt with exhaustively in Indian classical texts. According to these texts, anger is an evil virtue that is born out of Rajasic nature and leads to momentary loss of cognitive functional abilities. Manifestation of anger occurs at behavioural (kayika), verbal (vachika) and mental (manasika) levels. Based on these principles, a psychometric scale is developed for assessment of anger in adolescents. OBJECTIVE:The objective of this study was to develop a psychometric scale for assessment of anger in adolescents based on behavioural (kayika), verbal (vachika) and mental (manasika) levels. MATERIALS & METHODS:Item generation was done referring to the existing scales, texts on spirituality and psychology. It also included discussions with children, teachers and parents. Item reduction was carried out using expert opinion, focused group discussion and factor analysis. Testretest reliability was checked with 127 children (63 girls and 64 boys). The final scale was administered to 757 children (427 girls and 330 boys) to ascertain reliability co-efficient values. RESULTS:Co-efficient of Alpha value for final scale recorded 0.804. Test-retest reliability showed .835 correlation. CONCLUSION:Anger can be assessed holistically using Trikarana (kayika, vachika and manasika) concept as dealt in almost all Indian classical texts. A 23-item adolescent anger scale is a comprehensive tool to assess behavioural, verbal and mental anger in adolescents.
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Project description:In view of rising ecological awareness, materials development is primarily aimed at improving the performance and efficiency of innovative and more elaborate materials. However, a materials performance figure of merit should include essential aspects of materials: environmental impact, economic constraints, technical feasibility, etc. Thus, we promote the inclusion of sustainability criteria already during the materials design process. With such a holistic design approach, new products may be more likely to meet the circular economy requirements than when traditional development strategies are pursued. Using catalysts for water electrolysis as an example, we present a modelling method based on experimental data to holistically evaluate processes.
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Project description:fMRI was employed to assess whether the neural correlates of accurate source memory are modulated by the reward value of recollected information. Study items comprised pictures of objects, each paired with a depiction of 1 of 2 coins. The reward value of the coins ($2.00 vs. $0.02) was disclosed after study. At test, a source memory procedure was employed in which subjects discriminated between studied and unstudied objects and, for objects judged studied, indicated the identity of the coin paired with the object at study. Correct judgments earned a reward corresponding to the value of the coin, whereas incorrect judgments were penalized. No regions were identified where the magnitude of recollection effects was modulated by reward. Exclusive effects of source accuracy were evident in the hippocampus. Different striatal sub-regions demonstrated exclusive recollection effects, exclusive reward effects, and overlap between the 2 effects. The left angular gyrus and medial prefrontal cortex were additively responsive to source accuracy and the reward. The findings suggest that reward value and recollection success are conjointly but independently represented in at least 2 cortical regions and that striatal retrieval success effects cannot be accounted for in terms of a single construct, such as goal satisfaction.
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Project description:To better understand neural recollection processing, we induced interference in target recollection by presenting related lures before their respective targets and facilitated recollection rejection of lures by presenting targets before their related lures. Target recollection following interference recruited visual and prefrontal cortices, showing that these regions support recollection when related information has disrupted target representations. Recollection rejection following target presentation recruited angular gyrus, indicating that this region supports recollection rejection when target representations are strong and highly accessible. Thus, recollection networks are sensitive to the accessibility of target representations that are affected by the presentation of related information during retrieval.
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