Dataset Information

The Impact of Direct-Fed Microbials and Phytogenic Feed Additives on Prevalence and Transfer of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Genes in Broiler Chicken.

ABSTRACT: Poultry frequently account for the highest prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae in livestock. To investigate the impact of direct-fed microbials (DFM) and phytobiotic feed additives on prevalence and conjugation of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae, an animal trial was conducted. Lactobacillus agilis LA73 and Lactobacillus salivarius LS1 and two commercial phytogenic feed additives (consisting of carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, and eugenol) were used as feed additives either alone or as a combination of DFM and phytogenic feed additive. An ESBL-producing E. coli donor and a potentially pathogenic Salmonella Typhimurium recipient were inoculated at 5 × 109 cells/mL in cecal contents from 2-week-old broilers. Conjugation frequencies were determined after 4 h aerobic co-incubation at 37 °C and corrected for the impact of the sample matrix on bacterial growth of donor and recipient. Surprisingly, indigenous Enterobacteriaceae acted as recipients instead of the anticipated Salmonella recipient. The observed increase in conjugation frequency was most obvious in the groups fed the combinations of DFM and phytogenic product, but merely up to 0.6 log units. Further, cecal samples were examined for ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae on five consecutive days in broilers aged 27-31 days. All samples derived from animals fed the experimental diet showed lower ESBL-prevalence than the control. It is concluded that Lactobacillus spp. and essential oils may help to reduce the prevalence of ESBL-harboring plasmids in broilers, while the effect on horizontal gene transfer is less obvious.

SUBMITTER: Saliu EM

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7142867 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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The Impact of Direct-Fed Microbials and Phytogenic Feed Additives on Prevalence and Transfer of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Genes in Broiler Chicken.

Saliu Eva-Maria EM Ren Hao H Boroojeni Farshad Goodarzi FG Zentek Jürgen J Vahjen Wilfried W

Microorganisms 20200226 3

Poultry frequently account for the highest prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae in livestock. To investigate the impact of direct-fed microbials (DFM) and phytobiotic feed additives on prevalence and conjugation of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae, an animal trial was conducted. Lactobacillus agilis LA73 and Lactobacillus salivarius LS1 and two commercial phytogenic feed additives (consi ...[more]

PMID: 32110912

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Project description:Diets enriched with phytogenic feed additives (PFA) such as AV/HGP/16 premix (AVHGP), Superliv concentrate premix (SCP), and bacteriostatic herbal growth promotor (BHGP) with essential oils have been shown to improve feed efficiency (FE) in broilers. This FE improvement was achieved via modulation of hypothalamic neuropeptides, which results despite feed intake reduction, in increased breast yield without changes in body weight compared to the control group. To gain further insights into the mode of action of these PFA, the present study aimed to determine the potential involvement of signaling pathways associated with lipid and protein metabolism. One day-old male Cobb 500 chicks were randomly assigned into 1 of 4 treatments, comprising 8 replicates per treatment in a completely randomized design. The dietary treatments included a basal diet (control) or 0.55 g/kg diet of AVHGP, SCP, or BHGP. The birds had ad libitum access to water and feed. On day 35, after blood sampling, the liver, abdominal adipose tissue (AT), and breast muscle samples were collected. The levels of phosphorylated mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)Ser2481 as well as its levels of mRNA and those of its downstream mediator RPS6B1 were significantly upregulated in the muscle of the PFA-fed groups compared with the control group. In the liver, the phosphorylated levels of acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha at Ser79, the rate-limiting enzyme in fat synthesis, was significantly induced in the PFA-fed groups compared with the control group, indicating a lower hepatic lipogenesis. The hepatic expression of hepatic triglyceride lipase (LIPC) and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) was significantly upregulated in the AVHGP-fed group compared with the control group. These hepatic changes were accompanied by a significant downregulation of hepatic sterol regulatory element-binding protein cleavage-activating protein in all the PFA groups and an upregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and gamma in the SCP-fed compared with the control group. In the AT, the mRNA abundances of ATGL and LIPC were significantly increased in both SCP- and BHGP-fed birds compared with the control group. Together these data indicate that PFA improve FE via modulation of muscle mTOR pathway and hepatic lipolytic/lipogenic programs, thus, favoring muscle protein synthesis and lowering hepatic lipogenesis.

Project description:BACKGROUND:The aim of this study is to investigate whether the energy matrix values of the nonstarch polysaccharide- (NSP-) degrading enzymes, bioemulsifier (LYSOFORTE®), guanidinoacetic acid (CreAMINO®), or their combinations could be summed. The effects of these additives on the growth performance, carcass traits, and economic value of the broiler chicken diets were evaluated. A total of 525-one-day-old Ross chicks with an initial body weight of 42.96?±?0.87 g were haphazardly allocated into seven groups with five replicates. The seven experimental treatments are as follows: (1) basal diet with no additives (breeder recommendation), which is the control group, (2) basal diet minus 100 kcal/kg supplemented with 0.02% NSP-degrading enzymes (NSP), (3) basal diet minus 50 kcal/kg supplemented with 0.025% emulsifier (LYSOFORTE®), (4) basal diet minus 50 kcal/kg supplemented with 0.06% guanidinoacetic acid (CreAMINO®), (5) basal diet minus 150 kcal/kg supplemented with a mixture of NSP and LYSOFORTE® (NSPL), (6) basal diet minus 100 kcal/kg supplemented with a mixture of NSP and CreAMINO® (NSPC), and (7) basal diet minus 200 kcal/kg supplemented with a mixture of NSP, LYSO, and CreAMINO® (NSPLC). The experiment lasted for 35 days. RESULTS:It was found that the final body weight, body weight gain, and relative growth rate were significantly higher in birds fed diets supplemented with NSPL, NSPC, CreAMINO, and LYSO with the reduced energy matrix value. The overall feed conversion ratio was significantly improved due to the supplementation of NSPC, CreAMINO, NSPL, and LYSO with the reduced energy matrix value compared to the control group. Moreover, no significant effect on the carcass criteria was observed by the different treatments. As a result of the dietary supplementation with NSPL, NSPC, CreAMINO®, and LYSO with the reduced energy matrix value, the net profit, total return, economic efficiency, and performance index were increased and the cost of feed per kg of body weight gain was decreased. CONCLUSION:The energy matrix value of NSPL, NSPC, CreAMINO®, and LYSOFORTE could be established in the diets of broiler chickens to improve the growth performance and economic efficiency.

Project description:Extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase (ESBL)/AmpC-producing Escherichia coli strains are widely found in E. coli isolates from broiler feces, largely due to the presence of the blaCTX-M-1 gene on IncI1 plasmids. Plasmid carriage is theorized to cause fitness loss and thus should decrease under conditions of reduced antibiotic use. However, in vitro studies showed plasmid carriage to increase in the absence of antimicrobials, due to plasmid conjugation. We investigated whether this translates to increased levels of plasmid in the gastrointestinal tracts of chickens, where conjugation rates may be different and subtle differences in growth rates may have a larger impact on colonization. Eight groups of five chickens were orally inoculated at 4 days of age with a 0.5-ml volume containing 106 CFU/ml E. coli cells, of which 0%, 0.1%, 10%, or 100% carried the IncI1 plasmid with the gene blaCTX-M-1 At 13 time points during 41 days, fecal samples were taken from each chicken. E. coli strains with and without plasmids were quantified. Trends in E. coli subpopulations were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models, and population dynamics were studied by fitting to a mechanistic model. Trends in E. coli subpopulations were different between groups rather than between individual chickens, suggesting substantial levels of E. coli exchange between chickens in a group. The IncI1 plasmid carrying blaCTX-M-1 was transferred with conjugation coefficients at levels higher than those observed in vitro Across groups, the plasmids disappeared or were established independently of the initial fraction of plasmid-carrying E. coli, but no major increase occurred as observed in vitro Differences in growth rates were observed, but competitive exclusion of plasmid-carrying variants was counteracted by conjugation.IMPORTANCE Bacteria that produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are resistant to an important class of antimicrobials in human and veterinary medicine. Reduction in antibiotic use is expected to decrease the prevalence of resistance. However, resistance genes often lie on plasmids which can be copied and transferred to other bacteria by conjugation, so in vitro resistance was observed to increase in the absence of antimicrobials. We sought to determine whether this also occurs in the chicken gut and if competitive exclusion by similar E. coli variants without the resistance occurred. We studied the excretion of E. coli carrying IncI1 plasmids with the blaCTX-M-1 resistance gene in small groups of broiler chickens, after inoculating the chickens with E. coli suspensions containing different fractions of plasmid-carrying cells. Our results showed little variation between chickens within groups but large differences between groups that were independent of the ratio of variants with and without the plasmid and with persistence or extinction of the plasmid. However, there was no major plasmid increase as observed in vitro We conclude that in vivo studies with sufficient independent replications are important for intervention studies on plasmid-mediated antimicrobial resistance.

Dataset Information

The Impact of Direct-Fed Microbials and Phytogenic Feed Additives on Prevalence and Transfer of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Genes in Broiler Chicken.

Publications

The Impact of Direct-Fed Microbials and Phytogenic Feed Additives on Prevalence and Transfer of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Genes in Broiler Chicken.

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