Dataset Information

Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Ratios of Food and Beverage in Brazil.

ABSTRACT: Several previous studies on targeted food items using carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios in Brazil have revealed that many of the items investigated are adulterated; mislabeled or even fraud. Here, we present the first Brazilian isotopic baseline assessment that can be used not only in future forensic cases involving food authenticity, but also in human forensic anthropology studies. The ?13C and ?15N were determined in 1245 food items and 374 beverages; most of them made in Brazil. The average ?13C and ?15N of C3 plants were -26.7 ± 1.5?, and 3.9 ± 3.9?, respectively, while the average ?13C and ?15N of C4 plants were -11.5 ± 0.8? and 4.6 ± 2.6?, respectively. The ?13C and ?15N of plant-based processed foods were -21.8 ± 4.8? and 3.9 ± 2.7?, respectively. The average ?13C and ?15N of meat, including beef, poultry, pork and lamb were -16.6 ± 4.7?, and 5.2 ± 2.6?, respectively, while the ?13C and ?15N of animal-based processed foods were -17.9 ± 3.3? and 3.3 ± 3.5?, respectively. The average ?13C of beverages, including beer and wine was -22.5 ± 3.1?. We verified that C-C4 constitutes a large proportion of fresh meat, dairy products, as well as animal and plant-based processed foods. The reasons behind this high proportion will be addressed in this study.

SUBMITTER: Martinelli LA

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7146444 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Ratios of Food and Beverage in Brazil.

Martinelli Luiz A LA Nardoto Gabriela B GB Perez Maria A Z MAZ Junior Geraldo Arruda GA Fracassi Fabiana C FC Oliveira Juliana G G JGG Ottani Isadora S IS Lima Sarah H SH Mazzi Edmar A EA Gomes Taciana F TF Soltangheisi Amin A Filho Adibe L Abdalla ALA Mariano Eduardo E Costa Fabio J V FJV Duarte-Neto Paulo J PJ Moreira Marcelo Z MZ Camargo Plinio B PB

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 20200324 6

Several previous studies on targeted food items using carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios in Brazil have revealed that many of the items investigated are adulterated; mislabeled or even fraud. Here, we present the first Brazilian isotopic baseline assessment that can be used not only in future forensic cases involving food authenticity, but also in human forensic anthropology studies. The δ<sup>13</sup>C and δ<sup>15</sup>N were determined in 1245 food items and 374 beverages; most of them ...[more]

PMID: 32213848

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Project description:BackgroundNaturally occurring carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios [13C/12C (CIR) and 15N/14N (NIR)] are promising dietary biomarkers. As these candidate biomarkers have long tissue residence times, long-term feeding studies are needed for their evaluation.ObjectiveOur aim was to evaluate plasma, RBCs, and hair CIR and NIR as biomarkers of fish, meat, and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake in a 12-wk dietary intervention.MethodsThirty-two men (aged 46.2 ± 10.5 y; BMI: 27.2 ± 4.0 kg/m2) underwent a 12-wk inpatient dietary intervention at the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) in Phoenix, Arizona. The effects of fish, meat, and SSB intake on CIR and NIR were evaluated using a balanced factorial design, with each intake factor at 2 levels (present/absent) in a common, background diet (50% carbohydrate, 30% fat, 20% protein). Fasting blood samples were taken biweekly from baseline, and hair samples were collected at baseline and postintervention. Data were analyzed using multivariable regression.ResultsThe postintervention CIR of plasma was elevated when diets included meat (β = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.73,1.05) and SSBs (β = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.32, 0.64). The postintervention NIR of plasma was elevated when diets included fish (β = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.64, 1.05) and meat (β = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.42, 0.8). Results were similar for RBCs and hair. Postintervention RBC CIR and NIR had strong associations with baseline, suggesting that turnover to the intervention diets was incomplete after 12 wk. Estimates of isotopic turnover rate further confirmed incomplete turnover of RBCs.ConclusionsCIR was associated with meat and SSBs, and more strongly with meat. NIR was associated with fish and meat, and more strongly with fish. Overall, CIR and NIR discriminated between dietary fish and meat, and to a lesser extent SSBs, indicating their potential utility as biomarkers of intake in US diets. Approaches to make these biomarkers more specific are needed. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01237093.

Project description:BackgroundBrazil is a low- to medium-income country and has the second largest pet food market in the world with 8% of world pet food consumption. The lowest-income social class spends around 17% of their domestic budget on pet food and other items related to pets. Consumers are frequently misled by advertising as there is no precise information about the main sources of protein, carbohydrates and fat in the labels, and the Brazilian pet food industry can legally claim that their products contain certain items like salmon or beef even if they use just a flavoring compound.MethodsThe stable isotope methodology compares the stable isotope ratios of carbon (13C/12C) and nitrogen (15N/14N) between source and product. The 13C/12C ratio of a specific product (e.g., dog food) reveals the proportions of C4 (maize) and C3 (soybean, rice and wheat) plants in that product and the 15N/14N ratio reveals the proportion of the compounds derived from animals. With this isotopic data, we used MixSIAR, a Bayesian stable isotope-mixing model, to estimate the proportion of maize, grains, poultry and beef in dog food.ResultsThe ?13C values of dry dog food ranged from -24.2‰ to -12.8‰, with an average (± standard-deviation) of -17.1‰ ± 2.8‰. The ?13C values of wet pet food ranged from -25.4‰ to -16.9‰, with an average (± standard-deviation) of -21.2‰ ± 2.4‰, which was significantly lower (p < 0.01). The ?15N values of the dry and wet food ranged from 1.7‰ to 4.2‰, and from 0.5‰ to 5.5‰, respectively. The average ?15N values of dry food (2.9‰ ± 0.5‰) was not higher than the wet food (2.6‰ ± 1.3‰) (p > 0.01). The output of the MixSIAR showed a low proportion of bovine products in dry dog food samples. On the other hand, poultry was obviously the dominant ingredient present in most of the samples. Maize was the second dominant ingredient. Wet and dry dog food showed similar isotopic analysis results. The only difference was a lower proportion of maize and higher proportion of grains in wet dog food.DiscussionThe main finding is that dog food in Brazil is mostly made of approximately 60% (ranging from 32% to 86%) animal-based and 40% (ranging from 14% to 67%) plant-based products. Poultry and maize are the main ingredients. Poultry is added as a by-product or meal, which avoids competition between dogs and humans for meat products, while they can compete for maize. On the other hand, a large proportion of plant-based products in dog food decreases the energy and environmental footprint, since plant-based food products tend to be less harmful compared to animal-based products. Labels can mislead consumers by showing pictures of items that are not necessarily part of the product composition and by not showing the detailed information on the proportion of each ingredient. This information would allow customers to make their own choices considering their pet's nutrition, the competition between animals and humans for resources and environmental sustainability.

Dataset Information

Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Ratios of Food and Beverage in Brazil.

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Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Ratios of Food and Beverage in Brazil.

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