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Aggravated brain injury after neonatal hypoxic ischemia in microglia-depleted mice.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:Neuroinflammation plays an important role in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Although microglia are largely responsible for injury-induced inflammatory response, they play beneficial roles in both normal and disease states. However, the effects of microglial depletion on neonatal HIE remain unclear. METHODS:Tamoxifen was administered to Cx3cr1CreER/+Rosa26DTA/+ (microglia-depleted model) and Cx3cr1CreER/+Rosa26DTA/- (control) mice at P8 and P9 to assess the effect of microglial depletion. The density of microglia was quantified using Iba-1 staining. Moreover, the proportion of resident microglia after the HI insult was analyzed using flow cytometric analysis. At P10, the HI insult was conducted using the Rice-Vannucci procedure at P10. The infarct size and apoptotic cells were analyzed at P13. Cytokine analyses were performed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) at P13. RESULTS:At P10, tamoxifen administration induced >?99% microglial depletion in DTA+ mice. Following HI insult, there was persisted microglial depletion over 97% at P13. Compared to male DTA- mice, male DTA+ mice exhibited significantly larger infarct volumes; however, there were no significant differences among females. Moreover, compared to male DTA- mice, male DTA+ mice had a significantly higher density of TUNEL+ cells in the caudoputamen, cerebral cortex, and thalamus. Moreover, compared to female DTA- mice, female DTA+ mice showed a significantly greater number of TUNEL+ cells in the hippocampus and thalamus. Compared to DTA- mice, ELISA revealed significantly lower IL-10 and TGF-? levels in both male and female DTA+ mice under both normal conditions and after HI (more pronounced). CONCLUSION:We established a microglial depletion model that aggravated neuronal damage and apoptosis after the HI insult, which was predominantly observed in males.

SUBMITTER: Tsuji S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7149909 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Aggravated brain injury after neonatal hypoxic ischemia in microglia-depleted mice.

Tsuji Shunichiro S Di Martino Elena E Mukai Takeo T Tsuji Shoko S Murakami Takashi T Harris Robert A RA Blomgren Klas K Åden Ulrika U

Journal of neuroinflammation 20200411 1

<h4>Background</h4>Neuroinflammation plays an important role in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Although microglia are largely responsible for injury-induced inflammatory response, they play beneficial roles in both normal and disease states. However, the effects of microglial depletion on neonatal HIE remain unclear.<h4>Methods</h4>Tamoxifen was administered to Cx3cr1<sup>CreER/+</sup>Rosa26<sup>DTA/+</sup> (microglia-depleted model) and Cx3cr1<sup>CreER/+</sup>Rosa26<sup>DTA/-< ...[more]

PMID: 32276642

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Project description:Immune cells display a high degree of phenotypic plasticity, which may facilitate their participation in both the progression and resolution of injury-induced inflammation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the temporal expression of genes associated with classical and alternative polarization phenotypes described for macrophages and to identify related cell populations in the brain following neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI). HI was induced in 9-day old mice and brain tissue was collected up to 7 days post-insult to investigate expression of genes associated with macrophage activation. Using cell-markers, CD86 (classic activation) and CD206 (alternative activation), we assessed temporal changes of CD11b+ cell populations in the brain and studied the protein expression of the immunomodulatory factor galectin-3 in these cells. HI induced a rapid regulation (6 h) of genes associated with both classical and alternative polarization phenotypes in the injured hemisphere. FACS analysis showed a marked increase in the number of CD11b+CD86+ cells at 24 h after HI (+3667%), which was coupled with a relative suppression of CD11b+CD206+ cells and cells that did not express neither CD86 nor CD206. The CD11b+CD206+ population was mixed with some cells also expressing CD86. Confocal microscopy confirmed that a subset of cells expressed both CD86 and CD206, particularly in injured gray and white matter. Protein concentration of galectin-3 was markedly increased mainly in the cell population lacking CD86 or CD206 in the injured hemisphere. These cells were predominantly resident microglia as very few galectin-3 positive cells co-localized with infiltrating myeloid cells in Lys-EGFP-ki mice after HI. In summary, HI was characterized by an early mixed gene response, but with a large expansion of mainly the CD86 positive population during the first day. However, the injured hemisphere also contained a subset of cells expressing both CD86 and CD206 and a large population that expressed neither activation marker CD86 nor CD206. Interestingly, these cells expressed the highest levels of galectin-3 and were found to be predominantly resident microglia. Galectin-3 is a protein involved in chemotaxis and macrophage polarization suggesting a novel role in cell infiltration and immunomodulation for this cell population after neonatal injury.

Project description:Hypoxic-ischemic injury to the developing brain remains a major cause of significant long-term morbidity and mortality. Emerging evidence from neonatal brain injury models suggests a detrimental role for peripheral lymphocytes. The immunomodulatory substance FTY720, a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist, was shown to reduce adult ischemia-induced neurodegeneration through its lymphopenic mode of action. In the present study, we hypothesized that FTY720 promotes neuroprotection by reducing peripheral lymphocytes and their infiltration into the injured neonatal brain. Term-born equivalent postnatal day 9 C57BL/6 mice were exposed to hypoxia ischemia (HI) followed by a single injection of 1 mg/kg FTY720 or vehicle (0.9% sodium chloride). Brain injury, microglia, and endothelial activation were assessed 7 days post HI using histology and western blot. Peripheral and cerebral leukocyte subsets were analyzed by multichannel flow cytometry. Whether FTY720s' effects could be attributed to its lymphopenic mode of action was determined in T cell-depleted mice. In contrast to our hypothesis, FTY720 exacerbated HI-induced neuropathology including loss of gray and white matter structures. While microglia and endothelial activation remained unchanged, FTY720 induced a strong and sustained depletion of peripheral T cells resulting in significantly reduced cerebral infiltration of CD4 T cells. CD4 T cell subset analysis revealed that circulating regulatory and effector T cells counts were similarly decreased after FTY720 treatment. However, since neonatal HI per se induces a selective infiltration of Foxp3 positive regulatory T cells compared to Foxp3 negative effector T cells effects of FTY720 on cerebral regulatory T cell infiltration were more pronounced than on effector T cells. Reductions in T lymphocytes, and particularly regulatory T cells coincided with an increased infiltration of innate immune cells, mainly neutrophils and inflammatory macrophages. Importantly anti-CD3-mediated T cell depletion resulted in a similar exacerbation of brain injury, which was not further enhanced by an additional FTY720 treatment. In summary, peripheral T cell depletion by FTY720 resulted in increased infiltration of innate immune cells concomitant to reduced T cell infiltration and exacerbation HI-induced brain injury. This study indicates that neonatal T cells may promote endogenous neuroprotection in the term-born equivalent hypoxic-ischemic brain potentially providing new opportunities for therapeutic intervention.

Project description:Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in neonates, with an estimated global incidence of 3/1,000 live births. HIE brain damage is associated with an inflammatory response and oxidative stress, resulting in the activation of cell death pathways. At present, therapeutic hypothermia is the only clinically approved treatment available for HIE. This approach, however, is only partially effective. Therefore, there is an unmet clinical need for the development of novel therapeutic interventions for the treatment of HIE. Curcumin is an antioxidant reactive oxygen species scavenger, with reported anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activity. Curcumin has been shown to attenuate mitochondrial dysfunction, stabilize the cell membrane, stimulate proliferation, and reduce injury severity in adult models of spinal cord injury, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. The role of curcumin in neonatal HIE has not been widely studied due to its low bioavailability and limited aqueous solubility. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of curcumin treatment in neonatal HIE, including time of administration and dose-dependent effects. Our results indicate that curcumin administration prior to HIE in neonatal mice elevated cell and tissue loss, as well as glial activation compared to HI alone. However, immediate post-treatment with curcumin was significantly neuroprotective, reducing grey and white matter tissue loss, TUNEL+ cell death, microglia activation, reactive astrogliosis, and iNOS oxidative stress when compared to vehicle-treated littermates. This effect was dose-dependent, with 200 μg/g body weight as the optimal dose-regimen, and was maintained when curcumin treatment was delayed by 60 or 120 min post-HI. Cell proliferation measurements showed no changes between curcumin and HI alone, suggesting that the protective effects of curcumin on the neonatal brain following HI are most likely due to curcumin's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, as seen in the reduced glial and iNOS activity. In conclusion, this study suggests curcumin as a potent neuroprotective agent with potential for the treatment of HIE. The delayed application of curcumin further increases its clinical relevance.

Project description:BackgroundNeonatal encephalopathy due to hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is a leading cause of death and disability in term newborns. Therapeutic hypothermia (HT) is the only recommended therapy. However, 30% still suffer from neurological deficits. Inflammation is a major hallmark of HI pathophysiology with myeloid cells being key players, participating either in progression or in resolution of injury-induced inflammation. In the present study, we investigated the impact of HT on the temporal and spatial dynamics of microglia/macrophage polarization after neonatal HI in newborn mice.MethodsNine-day-old C57BL/6 mice were exposed to HI through occlusion of the right common carotid artery followed by 1 h hypoxia. Immediately after HI, animals were cooled for 4 h or kept at physiological body core temperature. Analyses were performed at 1, 3 and 7 days post HI. Brain injury, neuronal cell loss, apoptosis and microglia activation were assessed by immunohistochemistry. A broad set of typical genes associated with classical (M1) and alternative (M2) myeloid cell activation was analyzed by real time PCR in ex vivo isolated CD11b+ microglia/macrophages. Purity and composition of isolated cells was determined by flow cytometry.ResultsImmediate HT significantly reduced HI-induced brain injury and neuronal loss 7 days post HI, whereas only mild non-significant protection from HI-induced apoptosis and neuronal loss were observed 1 and 3 days after HI. Microglia activation, i.e., Iba-1 immunoreactivity peaked 3 days after HI and was not modulated by HT. However, ex vivo isolated CD11b+ cells revealed a strong upregulation of the majority of M1 but also M2 marker genes at day 1, which was significantly reduced by HT and rapidly declined at day 3. HI induced a significant increase in the frequency of peripheral macrophages in sorted CD11b+ cells at day 1, which deteriorated until day 7 and was significantly decreased by HT.ConclusionOur data demonstrate that HT-induced neuroprotection is preceded by acute suppression of HI-induced upregulation of inflammatory genes in myeloid cells and decreased infiltration of peripheral macrophages, both representing potential important effector mechanisms of HT.

Dataset Information

Aggravated brain injury after neonatal hypoxic ischemia in microglia-depleted mice.

Publications

Aggravated brain injury after neonatal hypoxic ischemia in microglia-depleted mice.

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