Dataset Information

Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer.

ABSTRACT: Based on the latest GLOBOCAN data, bladder cancer accounts for 3% of global cancer diagnoses and is especially prevalent in the developed world. In the United States, bladder cancer is the sixth most incident neoplasm. A total of 90% of bladder cancer diagnoses are made in those 55 years of age and older, and the disease is four times more common in men than women. While the average 5-year survival in the US is 77%, the 5-year survival for those with metastatic disease is a measly 5%. The strongest risk factor for bladder cancer is tobacco smoking, which accounts for 50-65% of all cases. Occupational or environmental toxins likewise greatly contribute to disease burden (accounting for an estimated 20% of all cases), though the precise proportion can be obscured by the fact bladder cancer develops decades after exposure, even if the exposure only lasted several years. Schistosomiasis infection is the common cause of bladder cancer in regions of Africa and the Middle East and is considered the second most onerous tropical pathogen after malaria. With 81% of cases attributable to known risk factors (and only 7% to heritable mutations), bladder cancer is a prime candidate for prevention strategies. Smoking cessation, workplace safety practices, weight loss, exercise and schistosomiasis prevention (via water disinfection and mass drug administration) have all been shown to significantly decrease the risk of bladder cancer, which poses a growing burden around the world.

SUBMITTER: Saginala K

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7151633 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer.

Saginala Kalyan K Barsouk Adam A Aluru John Sukumar JS Rawla Prashanth P Padala Sandeep Anand SA Barsouk Alexander A

Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) 20200313 1

Based on the latest GLOBOCAN data, bladder cancer accounts for 3% of global cancer diagnoses and is especially prevalent in the developed world. In the United States, bladder cancer is the sixth most incident neoplasm. A total of 90% of bladder cancer diagnoses are made in those 55 years of age and older, and the disease is four times more common in men than women. While the average 5-year survival in the US is 77%, the 5-year survival for those with metastatic disease is a measly 5%. The strong ...[more]

PMID: 32183076

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Project description:BackgroundAlthough a potential inverse association between vegetable intake and bladder cancer risk has been reported, epidemiological evidence is inconsistent. This research aimed to elucidate the association between vegetable intake and bladder cancer risk by conducting a pooled analysis of data from prospective cohort studies.MethodsVegetable intake in relation to bladder cancer risk was examined by pooling individual-level data from 13 cohort studies, comprising 3203 cases among a total of 555,685 participants. Pooled multivariate hazard ratios (HRs), with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs), were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression models stratified by cohort for intakes of total vegetable, vegetable subtypes (i.e. non-starchy, starchy, green leafy and cruciferous vegetables) and individual vegetable types. In addition, a diet diversity score was used to assess the association of the varied types of vegetable intake on bladder cancer risk.ResultsThe association between vegetable intake and bladder cancer risk differed by sex (P-interaction = 0.011) and smoking status (P-interaction = 0.038); therefore, analyses were stratified by sex and smoking status. With adjustment of age, sex, smoking, energy intake, ethnicity and other potential dietary factors, we found that higher intake of total and non-starchy vegetables were inversely associated with the risk of bladder cancer among women (comparing the highest with lowest intake tertile: HR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.64-0.98, P = 0.037 for trend, HR per 1 SD increment = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.81-0.99; HR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.63-0.97, P = 0.034 for trend, HR per 1 SD increment = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.79-0.98, respectively). However, no evidence of association was observed among men, and the intake of vegetable was not found to be associated with bladder cancer when stratified by smoking status. Moreover, we found no evidence of association for diet diversity with bladder cancer risk.ConclusionHigher intakes of total and non-starchy vegetable are associated with reduced risk of bladder cancer for women. Further studies are needed to clarify whether these results reflect causal processes and potential underlying mechanisms.

Project description:Background: Current diagnosis and treatment of urinary bladder cancer (BC) has shown great progress with the utilization of microarrays. Purpose: Our goal was to identify common differentially expressed (DE) genes among clinically relevant subclasses of BC using microarrays. Methodology/Principal Findings: BC samples and controls, both experimental as well as publicly available datasets, were analyzed by whole genome microarrays. We grouped the samples according to their histology and defined the DE genes in each sample individually as well as in each tumor group, respectively. A dual analysis strategy was followed: First, experimental samples were analyzed and conclusions were extracted; and second, experimental sets were combined with publicly available microarray datasets and were further analyzed in search for common DE genes. The experimental dataset, identified 831 genes that were differentially expressed in all tumor samples, simultaneously. Moreover, 33 genes were up-regulated and 85 genes were down-regulated in all 10 BC samples compared to the 5 normal tissues, simultaneously. Hierarchical clustering partitioned tumor groups in accordance to their histology. K-means clustering of all genes and all samples, as well as clustering of tumor groups, presented 49 clusters. K-means clustering of common DE genes in all samples revealed 24 clusters. Genes manifested various differential patterns of expression, based on PCA. YY1 and NFκB were among the most common transcription factors that regulated the expression of the identified DE genes. Chromosome 1 contained 32 DE genes, followed by chromosomes 2 and 11, which contained 25 and 23 DE genes, respectively. Chromosome 21 had the least number of DE genes. GO analysis revealed the prevalence of transport and binding genes in the common down-regulated DE genes; the prevalence of RNA metabolism and processing genes in the up-regulated DE genes; as well as the prevalence of genes responsible for cell communication and signal transduction in the DE genes that were down-regulated in T1-Grade III tumors and up-regulated in T2/T3-Grade III tumors. Combination of all available samples revealed 17 common genes (BMP4, CRYGD, DBH, GJB1, KRT83, MPZ, NHLH1, TACR3, ACTC1, MFAP4, SPARCL1, TAGLN, TPM2, CDC20, LHCGR, TM9SF1 and HCCS) four of which participate in numerous pathways. Conclusions/Significance: The identification of the common DE genes among BC samples of different histology can provide further insight into the discovery of new putative markers. Oligos microarray chips (~57k genes) were obtained from GE HealthCare (IL) and AppliedMicroarrays (MA) (former Amersham Biosciences) (CodeLink 57k Human Whole Genome). Hybridization was performed with the CodeLink RNA amplification and Labeling kit as described by the manufacturer, utilizing the Cy5 fluorescent dye. Slides were scanned with a microarray scanner (ScanArray 4000XL). Images were generated with ScanArray microarray acquisition software (GSI Lumonics, USA). cRNAs from three experimental setups were used in single experiments with internal spikes as controls. The experimental setups consisted of 10 urinary BC samples of different histology and 5 control samples. The scanned images were further processed with the CodeLink Expression Analysis Software v5.0 from Amersham Biosciences (presently GE Health Care Inc.). The experimental setup was analyzed based on the reference-design as described previously. All tumor samples were compared against the mean value of the control samples. Raw microarray data are available as supplementary data and at the GEO microarray database. All microarray data are MIAME compliant. We used the following publicly available microarray datasets in our analysis: 1) GSE89 dataset (GDS183), comprised of 40 BC samples; 2) GSE3167 dataset (GDS1479), comprised of 60 samples (9 controls and 51 BC samples); 3) GSE7476 dataset, composed of 12 samples (3 controls and 9 BC samples) and 4) GSE12630 dataset, comprised of 19 BC samples. In total, our pooled microarray analysis was composed of 17 control samples (n=5, for the CodeLink platform; and n=12, for the rest microarray platforms) and 129 BC samples (n=10, for the CodeLink platform; and n=119, for the rest microarray platforms). Public data were used in their available normalized form, since background correction and normalization had already been performed.

Dataset Information

Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer.

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Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer.

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