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Antibiotic and Antibiofilm Activities of Salvadora persica L. Essential Oils against Streptococcus mutans: A Detailed Comparative Study with Chlorhexidine Digluconate.

ABSTRACT: The use of organic components from plants as an alternative antimicrobial agent is becoming popular due to the development of drug-resistance in various pathogens. Essential oils from fresh (MF-1) and dried (MD-1) roots of Salvadora persica L. were extracted and benzyl isothiocynate was determined as their chief constituent using GC-MS and GC-FID. The antibiofilm and antimicrobial activities of MD-1 and MF-1 against Streptococcus mutans a dental caries causing bacteria were determined using multiple assays. These activities were compared with chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) and clove oil, well known antimicrobial agents for oral hygiene. Essential oils demonstrated IC50 values (10-11 µg/mL) comparable to that of CHX, showed a significant reduction (82 ± 7-87 ± 6%) of the biofilm formation at a very low concentration. These results were supported by RT-PCR studies showing change in the expression levels of AtlE, gtfB, ymcA and sodA genes involved in autolysis, biofilm formation and oxidative stress, respectively. The results presented in this study show the robust bactericidal and antibiofilm activity of MD-1 and MF-1 against S. mutans which is comparable to Chlorhexidine digluconate. Our results suggest that these essential oils can be as effective as CHX and hence can serve as a good alternative antimicrobial agent for oral hygiene.

SUBMITTER: Khan M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7169458 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Antibiotic and Antibiofilm Activities of Salvadora persica L. Essential Oils against Streptococcus mutans: A Detailed Comparative Study with Chlorhexidine Digluconate.

Khan Merajuddin M Alkhathlan Hamad Z HZ Khan Shams Tabrez ST

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) 20200116 1

The use of organic components from plants as an alternative antimicrobial agent is becoming popular due to the development of drug-resistance in various pathogens. Essential oils from fresh (MF-1) and dried (MD-1) roots of Salvadora persica L. were extracted and benzyl isothiocynate was determined as their chief constituent using GC-MS and GC-FID. The antibiofilm and antimicrobial activities of MD-1 and MF-1 against Streptococcus mutans a dental caries causing bacteria were determi ...[more]

PMID: 31963342

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Project description:BackgroundThe values of plant-based products have taken on an expanding relevance in dentistry. Salvadora persica chewing stick (miswak) has been practiced for centuries and is recommended by the World Health Organization as a customary oral hygiene tool. The therapeutic effects of S. persica chewing stick are contributed by its mechanical cleansing action, active chemicals released, or the combination of these two actions. However, the S. persica chewing stick in its natural form can be difficult to maneuver in certain parts of the mouth. This concern has inspired the innovation of the S. persica toothbrush that is designed to merge the ease of use of a toothbrush with the beneficial natural properties of S. persica preserved in its bristle. The present study aimed to compare the clinical effectiveness between S. persica toothbrush, S. persica chewing stick and the standard toothbrush in plaque and gingivitis control.MethodsIn this single-blinded and parallel randomized controlled trial, 78 participants were randomly divided into three groups to either use (i) S. persica toothbrush (MTB); (ii) S. persica chewing stick (MCS); or (iii) standard toothbrush (STB) in a standardized manner for three weeks. Plaque Index (PI) and Periodontal Inflamed Surface Area (PISA) values, measuring plaque levels and severity of gingivitis, respectively, were evaluated at baseline, one- and three-week post-interventions.ResultsThe MCS group showed a significant improvement in the mean PISA values of the anterior teeth compared to the MTB and STB groups (MCS: from 16.35 ± 10.03 to 3.41 ± 1.14; MTB: from 25.20 ± 14.01 to 3.57 ± 1.19; STB: from 26.54 ± 8.64 to 6.17 ± 0.86; p < .050). All three groups reported significant improvements (p < .001) in the plaque levels and the severity of gingivitis from baseline to three weeks after the intervention.ConclusionsFollowing correct techniques, S. persica toothbrush and chewing sticks are as effective as the standard toothbrush in plaque control and gingival health, which represent the reputed anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis properties of S. persica.Trial registrationThis clinical trial was prospectively registered in ClinicalTrials.gov with registration NCT04650685 (25/11/2020).

Project description:BackgroundThe plant Salvadora persica (miswak) has a long history of use in oral hygiene. Associations between the use of Salvadora persica and decreased oral bacteria numbers and plaque scores have been reported. This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the ability of Salvadora persica mouthrinses to reduce plaque/cariogenic bacteria, in comparison to that of chlorhexidine and/or placebo rinses.MethodsA comprehensive literature search for clinical trials reporting the use of Salvadora persica rinses as an antibacterial and/or antiplaque agent in comparison with chlorhexidine and/or placebo rinses was conducted, with no restriction to language. MEDLINE-PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Wiley Online Library, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases were searched to include all articles published up to December 2018. Based on inclusion/exclusion criteria, data were extracted from the identified reports by two independent reviewers. The primary and secondary outcomes measured from the eligible studies were mean plaque scores and mean cariogenic bacterial counts, respectively. Risk of bias of these studies was assessed. A statistical test of homogeneity was used to determine if the results of the separate studies could be combined. Based on the chi-square test, an inconsistency coefficient was computed (I2 statistic). Sensitivity analyses using subgroups and homogeneity evaluation were conducted.ResultsA total of 1135 potentially eligible articles were identified, of which 19 were eventually included in the qualitative analysis whereas 18 were included in the quantitative meta-analysis. The meta-analysis showed that Salvadora persica rinses exhibited strong antiplaque effects (P < 0.00001, MD: 0.46, and 95% CI: 0.29 to 0.63). In addition, it had statistically significant anti-streptococcal (P < 0.0001, MD: -1.42, and 95% CI: -2.08 to - 0.76) and anti-lactobacilli effects (P < 0.00001, MD: -1.12, and 95% CI: -1.45 to - 0.79) when compared to placebo. However, its effects were inferior compared to those by chlorhexidine rinse (P = 0.04, MD: 0.19, and 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.37). Subgroup analyses yielded results similar to those prior to subgrouping.ConclusionThe use of Salvadora persica extract was associated with a significant reduction in the plaque score and cariogenic bacterial count. Although, this reduction was lower than that achieved with the gold standard chlorhexidine mouthwash, Salvadora persica-containing rinse could be considered as a suitable oral hygiene alternative for use in individuals of all ages, socioeconomic backgrounds, and health conditions especially as a long-term measure due to its efficacy, safety, availability, cost-effectiveness, and ease of use.

Project description:Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) exhibit strong antimicrobial properties against many pathogens. Traditionally employed chemical methods for AgNPs synthesis are toxic for the environment. Here, we report a quicker, simpler, and environmentally benign process to synthesize AgNPs by using an aqueous 'root extract' of Salvadora persica (Sp) plant as a reducing agent. The synthesized Salvadora persica nano particles (SpNPs) showed significantly higher antimicrobial efficacy compared to earlier reported studies. We characterized SpNPs using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and X-ray powder diffraction (P-XRD). UV-Vis spectrum showed the highest absorbance at 420 nm. FTIR analysis depicts presence of bond stretching including OH- (3300 cm-1), C=N- (2100 cm-1) and NH- (1630 cm-1) which are attributed in the involvement of phenolics, proteins or nitrogenous compounds in reduction and stabilization of AgNPs. TEM, FE-SEM and DLS analysis revealed the spherical and rod nature of SpNPs and an average size of particles as 37.5 nm. XRD analysis showed the presence of the cubic structure of Ag which confirmed the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. To demonstrate antimicrobial efficacy, we evaluated SpNPs antimicrobial activity against two bacterial pathogens (Escherichia coli (ATCC 11229) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228)). SpNPs showed a significantly high inhibition for both pathogens and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were found to be 0.39 µg/mL and 0.78 µg/mL for E. coli while 0.19 µg/mL and 0.39 µg/mL for S. epidermidis respectively. Further, Syto 16 staining of bacterial cells provided a supplemental confirmation of the antimicrobial efficacy as the bacterial cells treated with SpNPs stop to fluoresce compared to the untreated bacterial cells. Our highly potent SpNPs will likely have a great potential for many antimicrobial applications including wound healing, water purification, air filtering and other biomedical applications.

Dataset Information

Antibiotic and Antibiofilm Activities of Salvadora persica L. Essential Oils against Streptococcus mutans: A Detailed Comparative Study with Chlorhexidine Digluconate.

Publications

Antibiotic and Antibiofilm Activities of <i>Salvadora persica</i> L. Essential Oils against <i>Streptococcus mutans</i>: A Detailed Comparative Study with Chlorhexidine Digluconate.

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