Dataset Information

Impacts of Nicotine and Flavoring on the Sensory Perception of E-Cigarette Aerosol.

ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION:To examine the interaction between an added flavoring (cherry) and nicotine on the perception of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) aerosol and how this impacts the appeal of flavored liquids for e-cigarette (e-liquids). METHODS:A total of 19 subjects (13 male, 6 female) vaped six commercially available e-liquids with varying contents of nicotine (0, 6, 12 mg/mL) and cherry flavor (4.7% or 9.3% vol/vol). For each e-liquid, subjects first rated overall liking/disliking of the aerosol using the Labeled Hedonic Scale, followed by perceived intensities of sweetness, bitterness, harshness (irritation), and cherry flavor of the aerosol using the general version of Labeled Magnitude Scale. RESULTS:The main findings were that (1) added nicotine increased perceived irritation and bitterness, and decreased the perceived sweetness of the e-cigarette aerosol; (2) cherry flavoring added a characteristic "cherry flavor" and an increase in the flavoring concentration from 4.7% to 9.3% tended to increase perceived intensities of sweetness, harshness, and bitterness; and (3) hedonic ratings of the e-cigarette aerosol decreased as nicotine level increased, but were not affected by flavor level. CONCLUSIONS:Our findings indicate that the appeal of the e-cigarette aerosol decreases as nicotine concentration increases. Conversely, perceived sweetness improved liking. An increase in the concentration of cherry flavoring did not appear to impact any of the measured attributes to a significant degree. IMPLICATIONS:This work demonstrates that the perception of specific sensory attributes of e-cigarettes and their overall appeal are affected by the e-liquid constituents. Most significantly, the results suggest that nicotine decreases the sensory appeal of e-cigarettes by contributing to the perceived irritation and bitterness of the aerosol. These data have implications for the role that nicotine plays in the sensory perception and appeal of e-cigarettes aerosol and further how these sensory factors can be modulated by sweet flavoring.

SUBMITTER: Pullicin AJ

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7171271 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Impacts of Nicotine and Flavoring on the Sensory Perception of E-Cigarette Aerosol.

Pullicin Alexa J AJ Kim Hyoshin H Brinkman Marielle C MC Buehler Stephanie S SS Clark Pamela I PI Lim Juyun J

Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 20200401 5

<h4>Introduction</h4>To examine the interaction between an added flavoring (cherry) and nicotine on the perception of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) aerosol and how this impacts the appeal of flavored liquids for e-cigarette (e-liquids).<h4>Methods</h4>A total of 19 subjects (13 male, 6 female) vaped six commercially available e-liquids with varying contents of nicotine (0, 6, 12 mg/mL) and cherry flavor (4.7% or 9.3% vol/vol). For each e-liquid, subjects first rated overall liking/disliking ...[more]

PMID: 30997500

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Project description:Despite the longstanding use and popularity of menthol as a flavorant in tobacco products, its sensory interactions with inhaled nicotine have never been measured independently of the other irritants in tobacco smoke. We therefore measured the perception of menthol in an E-cigarette with the primary goal of assessing its analgesic effect on the sensory irritation produced by inhaled nicotine.Adult cigarette smokers sampled aerosolized E-liquids containing five different concentrations of nicotine with 0%, 0.5%, or 3.5% l-menthol, as well as two commercial menthol flavors with and without nicotine. For each of the E-liquids participants used a labeled magnitude scale to rate the Overall Sensation intensity, Coolness/Cold, and Irritation/Harshness they experienced, and a Labeled Hedonic Scale to indicate how much they liked/disliked the overall flavor.The main findings were that (1) perceived Irritation/Harshness was unaffected by a low (0.5%) menthol concentration, whereas a high menthol concentration (3.5%) led to higher perceived Irritation/Harshness at low nicotine concentrations but to lower Irritation/Harshness at the highest nicotine concentration (24mg/ml); (2) a commercial Menthol-Mint flavor produced similar results; (3) nicotine tended to enhance rather than suppress sensations of Coolness/Cold; and (4) menthol tended to slightly increase liking independently of nicotine concentration.In addition to adding a sensation of coolness, menthol can reduce perceived airway irritation and harshness produced by inhalation when nicotine concentration is high, and contributes to the sensory impact of E-liquids when nicotine concentration is low.The evidence presented here indicates that menthol can potentially improve the appeal of E-cigarettes not only via its coolness and minty flavor, but also by reducing the harshness from high concentrations of nicotine. As the first direct demonstration of an analgesic effect of menthol on inhaled nicotine in humans, these data also have implications for the role of menthol flavors in other inhaled tobacco products.

Project description:Background: The respiratory health effects of inhalation exposure to e-cigarette flavoring chemicals are not well understood. We focused our study on the immuno-toxicological and the oxidative stress effects by these e-cigarette flavoring chemicals on two types of human monocytic cell lines, Mono Mac 6 (MM6) and U937. The potential to cause oxidative stress by these flavoring chemicals was assessed by measuring the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We hypothesized that the flavoring chemicals used in e-juices/e-liquids induce an inflammatory response, cellular toxicity, and ROS production. Methods: Two monocytic cell types, MM6 and U937 were exposed to commonly used e-cigarette flavoring chemicals; diacetyl, cinnamaldehyde, acetoin, pentanedione, o-vanillin, maltol and coumarin at different doses between 10 and 1,000 ?M. Cell viability and the concentrations of the secreted inflammatory cytokine interleukin 8 (IL-8) were measured in the conditioned media. Cell-free ROS produced by these commonly used flavoring chemicals were also measured using a 2',7'dichlorofluorescein diacetate probe. These DCF fluorescence data were expressed as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) equivalents. Cytotoxicity due to the exposure to selected e-liquids was assessed by cell viability and the IL-8 inflammatory cytokine response in the conditioned media. Results: Treatment of the cells with flavoring chemicals and flavored e-liquid without nicotine caused cytotoxicity dose-dependently. The exposed monocytic cells secreted interleukin 8 (IL-8) chemokine in a dose-dependent manner compared to the unexposed cell groups depicting a biologically significant inflammatory response. The measurement of cell-free ROS by the flavoring chemicals and e-liquids showed significantly increased levels of H2O2 equivalents in a dose-dependent manner compared to the control reagents. Mixing a variety of flavors resulted in greater cytotoxicity and cell-free ROS levels compared to the treatments with individual flavors, suggesting that mixing of multiple flavors of e-liquids are more harmful to the users. Conclusions: Our data suggest that the flavorings used in e-juices can trigger an inflammatory response in monocytes, mediated by ROS production, providing insights into potential pulmonary toxicity and tissue damage in e-cigarette users.

Project description:IntroductionWaterpipe use remains popular among youth with the availability of flavored shisha tobacco being one of the main drivers of waterpipe use. Although waterpipe mainstream toxicant emissions are well understood, less is known about the carryover of flavorants such as vanillin, benzaldehyde, and eugenol. In this study, flavored waterpipe tobacco was analyzed for flavorants and nicotine, and subsequent carryover to mainstream smoke.MethodsFlavorants vanillin, benzaldehyde, and eugenol, and nicotine were quantified in vanilla-, cherry-, and cinnamon-flavored shisha tobacco by gas chromatography/flame ionization detector and subsequently in waterpipe mainstream smoke generated by a smoking machine. The setup allowed for sampling before and after the water-filtration step.ResultsFlavorant and nicotine content in smoke was reduced 3- to 10-fold and 1.4- to 3.1-fold, respectively, due to water filtration. Per-puff content of filtered waterpipe mainstream smoke ranged from 13 to 46 µg/puff for nicotine and from 6 to 55 µg/puff for flavorants.ConclusionsAlthough water filtration reduced flavor and nicotine content in waterpipe mainstream smoke, the detected flavorant concentrations were similar or higher to those previously reported in e-cigarette aerosol. Therefore, users could be drawn to waterpipes due to similar flavor appeal as popular e-cigarette products. Absolute nicotine content of waterpipe smoke was lower than in e-cigarette aerosol, but the differential use patterns of waterpipe (>100 puffs/session) and e-cigarette (mostly <10 puffs/session, multiple session throughout the day) probably result in higher flavorant and nicotine exposure during a waterpipe session. Strategies to reduce youth introduction and exposure to nicotine via waterpipe use may consider similar flavor restrictions as those for e-cigarettes.ImplicationsAlthough waterpipe mainstream smoke is well characterized for toxicants content, little is known about carryover of molecules relevant for appeal and addiction: flavorants and nicotine. This study shows that flavorant content of waterpipe mainstream smoke is comparable or higher than e-cigarette aerosol flavorant content. Regulatory action to address tobacco use behaviors targeting the availability of flavors should also include other tobacco products such as flavored shisha tobacco.

Dataset Information

Impacts of Nicotine and Flavoring on the Sensory Perception of E-Cigarette Aerosol.

Publications

Impacts of Nicotine and Flavoring on the Sensory Perception of E-Cigarette Aerosol.

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