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Yellow Head Virus

ABSTRACT: Yellow head virus (YHV) infects the black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) – one of the world's major aquaculture species. It is a highly virulent pathogen that can cause 100% mortality within a few days of the first signs of disease in a pond. YHV is a rod-shaped, enveloped (+) single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) virus with a helical nucleocaspsid. In genome organization and transcription strategy, it resembles coronaviruses, toroviruses, and arteriviruses with which it has been classified within the order Nidovirales (genus Okavirus, family Roniviridae). The 26 662 nt genome comprises four long open reading frames (ORFs). ORF1a and ORF1b encode nonstructural proteins that are expressed as polyproteins (pp1a and pp1ab) and processed to generate elements of a replicase complex. ORF1b is expressed only as an extension of ORF1a via a ribosomal frameshift. ORF2 encodes the nucleocapsid protein (p20). ORF3 encodes envelope glycoproteins (gp64 and gp116) and a small, nonstructural, triple-membrane-spanning protein (p22). YHV is one genotype in a complex of closely related viruses that are endemic in black tiger shrimp in the Indo-Pacific region. These include gill-associated virus which has been associated with less severe forms of disease in Australia and at least four other genotypes that cause low-level chronic infections in healthy shrimp.

SUBMITTER: Walker P

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7173420 | biostudies-literature | 2008 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Structural and antigenic analysis of the yellow head virus nucleocapsid protein p20.

Project description:Yellow head virus (YHV) is an invertebrate nidovirus that is highly pathogenic for marine shrimp. Nucleotide sequence analysis indicated that the YHV ORF2 gene encodes a basic protein (pI = 9.9) of 146 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 16,325.5 Da. The deduced amino acid sequence indicated a predominance of basic (15.1%), acidic (9.6%) and hydrophilic polar (34.3%) residues and a high proportion proline and glycine residues (16.4%). The ORF2 gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli as a M(r) = 21 kDa His(6)-protein that reacted with YHV nucleoprotein (p20) monoclonal antibody. Segments representing the four linear quadrants of the nucleoprotein were also expressed in E. coli as GST-fusion proteins. Immunoblot analysis using YHV polyclonal rabbit antiserum indicated the presence of linear epitopes in all except the V(37)-Q(74) quadrant. Immunoblot analysis of the GST-fusion proteins and C-terminally truncated segments of the nucleoprotein allowed mapping of YHV monoclonal antibodies Y19, Y20 and YII4 to linear epitopes in the acidic domain between amino acids I(116) and E(137). The full-length nucleoprotein was expressed at high level in E. coli and was easily purified in quantity from the soluble cell fraction by Ni(+)-NTA affinity chromatography.

| S-EPMC7172242 | biostudies-literature

Successful yellow head virus infection of Penaeus monodon requires clathrin heavy chain.

Project description:Viral disease caused by the Yellow head virus (YHV) had great impact on economic loss in the aquaculture industry. Prevention or curing YHV disease is still not possible due to the lack of understanding of the basic mechanisms of YHV infection. In this report, the endocytosis inhibitors (chlorpromazine (CPZ), amiloride and methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD)) were used to identify the cellular entry pathway of YHV. Pretreating shrimp with CPZ but not amiloride or MβCD followed by YHV challenge resulted in a significant reduction of YHV levels, suggesting that YHV entered the shrimp cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Next, the major component of the clathrin-coated vesicle, Penaeus monodon clathrin heavy chain (PmCHC) was cloned and characterized. The complete coding sequence of PmCHC is 5055 bp encoding a putative protein of 1684 amino acids. Specific silencing of PmCHC mRNA by dsRNA-PmCHC showed an inhibition of YHV replication for 48 h post YHV injection as well as exhibiting a delay in shrimp mortality. These results indicated that PmCHC was an essential component for YHV infection of shrimp cells.

| S-EPMC7112056 | biostudies-literature

In situ detection of Australian gill-associated virus with a yellow head virus gene probe.

Project description:A digoxigenin-labeled gene probe for yellow head virus (YHV) was used to detect gill-associated virus (GAV) in Penaeus monodon from Australia via in situ hybridization. In GAV-infected shrimp, positively reacting tissues included: lymphoid organ, gills, antennal gland, and cuticular epithelium of the stomach. This demonstrates that a YHV probe can be used as a diagnostic tool for GAV and supports previous suggestions that these two viruses are closely related.

| S-EPMC7172130 | biostudies-literature

Gene expression kinetics of the yellow head virus in experimentally infected Litopenaeus vannamei.

Project description:The yellow head virus (YHV) has been reported to be one of most pathogenic viruses for cultivated shrimp; however, serious problems have only been reported in farms in south and southeastern Asian. Recently, a YHV strain was detected in Litopenaeus vannamei cultivated in Mexican farms that lacked virus-associated mortalities or epizooties, and the animals were apparently healthy. The identity of the virus was confirmed by sequencing replicative and structural protein-encoding regions and comparing with homologous virus sequences. Phylogenic relationships and genetic distances were also determined and, although some differences were observed, an influence on virulence was uncertain. In addition, the expression levels of several transcripts (3CLPRO, POL, GP64 and GP116) were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction during an experimental infection. Although the transcript showed varying kinetics, viral genes were expressed in infected L. vannamei, demonstrating the replicative capability of this YHV strain.

| S-EPMC7159739 | biostudies-literature

Detection of yellow head virus in shrimp by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP).

Project description:Reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay was developed for detecting the structural glycoprotein gene of yellow head virus (YHV). The RT-LAMP assay is a novel method of gene amplification that amplifies nucleic acid with high specificity, sensitivity and rapidity under isothermal conditions with a set of four specially designed primers that recognize six distinct sequences of the target. The whole procedure is very simple and rapid, and reaction time and temperatures were optimized for 60 min at 65 degrees C, respectively. Detection of gene amplification could be accomplished by agarose gel electrophoresis. The standardized RT-LAMP procedure was used to detect YHV in the heart and gill from infected shrimp. Thus, the RT-LAMP assay is extremely rapid, cost-effective, sensitive and specific and has potential usefulness for rapid diagnosis for YHV detection in shrimp.

| S-EPMC7172593 | biostudies-literature

Homology modeling and virtual screening for antagonists of protease from yellow head virus.

Project description:Yellow head virus (YHV) is one of the causative agents of shrimp viral disease. The prevention of YHV infection in shrimp has been developed by various methods, but it is still insufficient to protect the mass mortality in shrimp. New approaches for the antiviral drug development for viral infection have been focused on the inhibition of several potent viral enzymes, and thus the YHV protease is one of the interesting targets for developing antiviral drugs according to the pivotal roles of the enzyme in an early stage of viral propagation. In this study, a theoretical modeling of the YHV protease was constructed based on the folds of several known crystal structures of other viral proteases, and was subsequently used as a target for virtual screening-molecular docking against approximately 1364 NCI structurally diversity compounds. A complex between the protease and the hit compounds was investigated for intermolecular interactions by molecular dynamics simulations. Five best predicted compounds (NSC122819, NSC345647, NSC319990, NSC50650, and NSC5069) were tested against bacterial expressed YHV. The NSC122819 showed the best inhibitory characteristic among the candidates, while others showed more than 50 % of inhibition in the assay condition. These compounds could potentially be inhibitors for curing YHV infection.

| S-EPMC7087857 | biostudies-literature

Impact of yellow head virus outbreaks in the whiteleg shrimp, Penaeus vannamei (Boone), in Thailand.

Project description:Yellow head virus (YHV) is known as a major pathogen in the black tiger shrimp, Penaeus (Penaeus) monodon. It can also cause serious mortality in farmed whiteleg shrimp, Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei. However, there is no published information on the economic and/or production impact of the disease in P. vannamei. Shrimp with gross signs of YHV disease (faded body colour and 60-70% mortality) were observed in 20 study farms rearing P. vannamei in the central part of Thailand from the end of 2007 through early 2008. The estimated economic loss for these farms according to the Thai Animal Aquaculture Association was approximately US$3 million. Detailed sequence analysis of RT-PCR amplicons from shrimp in all the study ponds revealed the presence of YHV Type 1b (YHV-1b) alone (characterized by a 162-bp deletion in the ORF3 region encoding the structural gene for gp116) and the absence of YHV Type 1a (YHV-1a), the original YHV type reported from Thailand. Despite the large 162-bp deletion (= 54 deduced amino acids) in the gp116 structural gene, histopathology of YHV-1b infections was identical to that of YHV-1a infections, and electron microscopy revealed that YHV-1b virions were morphologically indistinguishable from those previously reported for YHV-1a. In addition, an existing commercial RT-PCR detection kit and an immunochromatographic test strip for the detection of YHV were proven to have been valid tests for both YHV-1b and YHV-1a. The source of the virus for these outbreaks was unlikely to have been the post-larvae used to stock the ponds, as they were derived from domesticated specific pathogen-free stocks free of YHV. Thus, it is possible that they originated from an unknown, natural reservoir.

| S-EPMC7194288 | biostudies-literature

Simultaneous Production of a Virus-Like Particle Linked to dsRNA to Enhance dsRNA Delivery for Yellow Head Virus Inhibition.

Project description:A co-expressed Penaeus stylirostris densovirus (PstDNV) capsid and dsRNA specific to the yellow head virus (YHV) protease (CoEx cpPstDNV/dspro) has been shown to suppress YHV replication in the Pacific white-legged shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). However, maintaining two plasmids in a single bacterial cell is not desirable; therefore, a single plasmid harboring both the PstDNV capsid and the dsRNA-YHV-pro gene was constructed under the regulation of a single T7 promoter, designated pET28a-Linked cpPstDNV-dspro. Following induction, this novel construct expressed an approximately 37-kDa recombinant protein associated with a roughly 400-bp dsRNA (Linked cpPstDNV-dspro). Under a transmission electron microscope, the virus-like particles (VLP; Linked PstDNV VLPs-dspro) obtained were seen to be monodispersed, similar to the native PstDNV virion. A nuclease digestion assay indicated dsRNA molecules were both encapsulated and present outside the Linked PstDNV VLPs-dspro. In addition, the amount of dsRNA produced from this strategy was higher than that obtained with a co-expression strategy. In a YHV infection challenge, the Linked PstDNV VLPs-dspro was more effective in delaying and reducing mortality than other constructs tested. Lastly, the linked construct provides protection for the dsRNA cargo from nucleolytic enzymes present in the shrimp hemolymph. This is the first report of a VLP carrying virus-inhibiting dsRNA that could be produced without disassembly and reassembly to control virus infection in shrimp.

| S-EPMC9785521 | biostudies-literature

Taura Syndrome Virus or Yellow Head Virus infection in two strains of L. vannamei different in their resistance to TSV

2009-10-23 | GSE13354 | GEO

Taura Syndrome Virus or Yellow Head Virus infection in two strains of L. vannamei different in their resistance to TSV

Project description:The transcriptomic response of two strains of the Pacific whiteleg shrimp, different in their resistance to Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV), in response to infection with TSV and Yellow Head Virus (YHV). Changes in gene expression in the shrimp’s hepatopancreas were assessed using a cDNA microarray containing 2,469 putative unigenes. The patterns of gene expression between the shrimp strains were considerably similar, except for the more advanced stages of Taura Syndrome. Between the different treatments approximately 250 genes were differently expressed. The most advanced stages of YHV infection showed the highest number of differently expressed genes. During infection there were profound changes in the expression of genes related to lipid and protein metabolism, cellular trafficking, immune defense and stress response. Keywords: Disease state analysis, disease resistance There were 5 biological replicates for each of the groups in this experiment. Also, two strains of Litopenaeus vannamei were used: a strain resistant to TSV and a strain susceptible to TSV (Kona line). The treatments consisted of injecting both strains with 60mL of a shrimp extract made from shrimp previously injected with either a SPF shrimp extract (1x10-4), Taura Syndrome Virus (1x10-5) or Yellow Head Virus (1x10-4). The 2 initial control groups were composed of hepatopancreas samples from both strains prior the injections. Samples were also collected from at days 1 and 2 from both strains from the 3 different treatments (control, TSV and YHV).

2009-10-23 | E-GEOD-13354 | biostudies-arrayexpress

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