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Direct in Vivo Electrochemical Detection of Resting Dopamine Using Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/Carbon Nanotube Functionalized Microelectrodes.

ABSTRACT: Dopamine (DA) is a monoamine neurotransmitter responsible for the maintenance of a variety of vital life functions. In vivo DA signaling occurs over multiple time scales, from subsecond phasic release due to dopamine neuron firing to tonic release responsible for long-term DA concentration changes over minutes to hours. Due to the complex, multifaceted nature of DA signaling, analytical sensing technology must be capable of recording DA from multiple locations and over multiple time scales. Decades of research has focused on improving in vivo detection capabilities for subsecond phasic DA, but the accurate detection of absolute resting DA levels in real time has proven challenging. We have developed a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)-based nanocomposite coating that exhibits excellent DA sensing capabilities for resting DA. PEDOT/functionalized carbon nanotube (PEDOT/CNT)-coated carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFEs) are capable of directly measuring resting DA using square wave voltammetry (SWV) with high sensitivity and selectivity. Incorporation of a PEDOT/CNT coating significantly increases the sensitivity for the detection of resting DA by a factor of 422. SWV measurements performed at PEDOT/CNT-functionalized CFEs implanted in the rat dorsal striatum reveal the absolute basal DA concentration to be 82 ± 6 nM. Systemic administration of the dopamine transporter inhibitor nomifensine increases resting DA to a maximum 207 ± 16 nM at 28 ± 2 min following injection. PEDOT/CNT was also functionalized onto individual gold electrode sites along silicon microelectrode arrays (MEAs) to produce a multisite DA sensing electrode. MEA implantation allows for the quantification of basal DA from different brain regions with excellent spatial resolution. SWV detection paired with PEDOT/CNT functionalization is highly adaptable and shows great promise for tonic DA detection with high spatial and temporal resolution.

SUBMITTER: Taylor IM

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7175412 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Direct in Vivo Electrochemical Detection of Resting Dopamine Using Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/Carbon Nanotube Functionalized Microelectrodes.

Taylor Ian Mitchell IM Patel Nikita Anurag NA Freedman Noah Chaim NC Castagnola Elisa E Cui Xinyan Tracy XT

Analytical chemistry 20190926 20

Dopamine (DA) is a monoamine neurotransmitter responsible for the maintenance of a variety of vital life functions. In vivo DA signaling occurs over multiple time scales, from subsecond phasic release due to dopamine neuron firing to tonic release responsible for long-term DA concentration changes over minutes to hours. Due to the complex, multifaceted nature of DA signaling, analytical sensing technology must be capable of recording DA from multiple locations and over multiple time scales. Deca ...[more]

PMID: 31512849

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Project description:Electrical microstimulation has shown promise in restoring neural deficits in humans. Electrodes coated with materials like the conducting polymer poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with acid‐functionalized carbon nanotubes (PEDOT/CNTs, or PC) exhibit superior charge injection than traditional metals like platinum. However, the stimulation performance of PC remains to be fully characterized. Advanced imaging techniques and transgenic tools allow for real‐time observations of neural activity in vivo. Herein, microelectrodes coated with PC and iridium oxide (IrOx) (a commonly used high‐charge‐injection material) are implanted in GCaMP6s mice and electrical stimulation is applied while imaging neuronal calcium responses. Results show that PC‐coated electrodes stimulate more intense and broader GCaMP responses than IrOx. Two‐photon microscopy reveals that PC‐coated electrodes activate significantly more neuronal soma and neuropil than IrOx‐coated electrodes in constant‐voltage stimulation and significantly more neuronal soma in constant‐current stimulation. Furthermore, with the same injected charge, both materials activate more spatially confined neural elements with shorter pulses than longer pulses, providing a means to tune stimulation selectivity. Finite element analyses reveal that the PC coating creates a denser and nonuniform electric field, increasing the likelihood of activating nearby neural elements. PC coating can significantly improve energy efficiency for electrical stimulation applications. The stimulation performance of two high‐charge‐injection materials poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with acid‐functionalized carbon nanotube (PEDOT/CNT) and iridium oxide is examined. In vivo imaging results show that PEDOT/CNT is a more energy‐efficient material for cortical activation. In addition, for both materials, shorter stimulation pulses activate more spatially distinct neural elements than longer pulses, providing a means to tune stimulation selectivity.© 2021 WILEY‐VCH GmbH

Dataset Information

Direct in Vivo Electrochemical Detection of Resting Dopamine Using Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/Carbon Nanotube Functionalized Microelectrodes.

Publications

Direct in Vivo Electrochemical Detection of Resting Dopamine Using Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/Carbon Nanotube Functionalized Microelectrodes.

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