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Medium-chain fatty acids and monoglycerides as feed additives for pig production: towards gut health improvement and feed pathogen mitigation.

ABSTRACT: Ongoing challenges in the swine industry, such as reduced access to antibiotics and virus outbreaks (e.g., porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, African swine fever virus), have prompted calls for innovative feed additives to support pig production. Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) and monoglycerides have emerged as a potential option due to key molecular features and versatile functions, including inhibitory activity against viral and bacterial pathogens. In this review, we summarize recent studies examining the potential of MCFAs and monoglycerides as feed additives to improve pig gut health and to mitigate feed pathogens. The molecular properties and biological functions of MCFAs and monoglycerides are first introduced along with an overview of intervention needs at different stages of pig production. The latest progress in testing MCFAs and monoglycerides as feed additives in pig diets is then presented, and their effects on a wide range of production issues, such as growth performance, pathogenic infections, and gut health, are covered. The utilization of MCFAs and monoglycerides together with other feed additives such as organic acids and probiotics is also described, along with advances in molecular encapsulation and delivery strategies. Finally, we discuss how MCFAs and monoglycerides demonstrate potential for feed pathogen mitigation to curb disease transmission. Looking forward, we envision that MCFAs and monoglycerides may become an important class of feed additives in pig production for gut health improvement and feed pathogen mitigation.

SUBMITTER: Jackman JA

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7178611 | biostudies-literature | 2020

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Medium-chain fatty acids and monoglycerides as feed additives for pig production: towards gut health improvement and feed pathogen mitigation.

Jackman Joshua A JA Boyd R Dean RD Elrod Charles C CC

Journal of animal science and biotechnology 20200423

Ongoing challenges in the swine industry, such as reduced access to antibiotics and virus outbreaks (e.g., porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, African swine fever virus), have prompted calls for innovative feed additives to support pig production. Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) and monoglycerides have emerged as a potential option due to key molecular features and versatile functions, including inhibitory activity against viral and bacterial pathogens. In this review, we summarize recent studies ...[more]

PMID: 32337029

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Project description:BackgroundThe ongoing African swine fever virus (ASFv) epidemic has had a major impact on pig production globally and biosecurity efforts to curb ASFv infectivity and transmission are a high priority. It has been recently identified that feed and feed ingredients, along with drinking water, can serve as transmission vehicles and might facilitate transboundary spread of ASFv. Thus, it is important to test the antiviral activity of regulatory compatible, antiviral feed additives that might inhibit ASFv infectivity in feed. One promising group of feed additive candidates includes medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) and monoglyceride derivatives, which are known to disrupt the lipid membrane surrounding certain enveloped viruses and bacteria.ResultsThe antiviral activities of selected MCFA, namely caprylic, capric, and lauric acids, and a related monoglyceride, glycerol monolaurate (GML), to inhibit ASFv in liquid and feed conditions were investigated and suitable compounds and inclusion rates were identified that might be useful for mitigating ASFv in feed environments. Antiviral assays showed that all tested MCFA and GML inhibit ASFv. GML was more potent than MCFA because it worked at a lower concentration and inhibited ASFv due to direct virucidal activity along with one or more other antiviral mechanisms. Dose-dependent feed experiments further showed that sufficiently high GML doses can significantly reduce ASFv infectivity in feed in a linear manner in periods as short as 30 min, as determined by infectious viral titer measurements. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) experiments revealed that GML treatment also hinders antibody recognition of the membrane-associated ASFv p72 structural protein, which likely relates to protein conformational changes arising from viral membrane disruption.ConclusionTogether, the findings in this study indicate that MCFA and GML inhibit ASFv in liquid conditions and that GML is also able to reduce ASFv infectivity in feed, which may help to curb disease transmission.

Project description:Diets enriched with phytogenic feed additives (PFA) such as AV/HGP/16 premix (AVHGP), Superliv concentrate premix (SCP), and bacteriostatic herbal growth promotor (BHGP) with essential oils have been shown to improve feed efficiency (FE) in broilers. This FE improvement was achieved via modulation of hypothalamic neuropeptides, which results despite feed intake reduction, in increased breast yield without changes in body weight compared to the control group. To gain further insights into the mode of action of these PFA, the present study aimed to determine the potential involvement of signaling pathways associated with lipid and protein metabolism. One day-old male Cobb 500 chicks were randomly assigned into 1 of 4 treatments, comprising 8 replicates per treatment in a completely randomized design. The dietary treatments included a basal diet (control) or 0.55 g/kg diet of AVHGP, SCP, or BHGP. The birds had ad libitum access to water and feed. On day 35, after blood sampling, the liver, abdominal adipose tissue (AT), and breast muscle samples were collected. The levels of phosphorylated mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)Ser2481 as well as its levels of mRNA and those of its downstream mediator RPS6B1 were significantly upregulated in the muscle of the PFA-fed groups compared with the control group. In the liver, the phosphorylated levels of acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha at Ser79, the rate-limiting enzyme in fat synthesis, was significantly induced in the PFA-fed groups compared with the control group, indicating a lower hepatic lipogenesis. The hepatic expression of hepatic triglyceride lipase (LIPC) and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) was significantly upregulated in the AVHGP-fed group compared with the control group. These hepatic changes were accompanied by a significant downregulation of hepatic sterol regulatory element-binding protein cleavage-activating protein in all the PFA groups and an upregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and gamma in the SCP-fed compared with the control group. In the AT, the mRNA abundances of ATGL and LIPC were significantly increased in both SCP- and BHGP-fed birds compared with the control group. Together these data indicate that PFA improve FE via modulation of muscle mTOR pathway and hepatic lipolytic/lipogenic programs, thus, favoring muscle protein synthesis and lowering hepatic lipogenesis.

Dataset Information

Medium-chain fatty acids and monoglycerides as feed additives for pig production: towards gut health improvement and feed pathogen mitigation.

Publications

Medium-chain fatty acids and monoglycerides as feed additives for pig production: towards gut health improvement and feed pathogen mitigation.

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