Dataset Information

Impact of knee marker misplacement on gait kinematics of children with cerebral palsy using the Conventional Gait Model-A sensitivity study.

ABSTRACT: Clinical gait analysis is widely used in clinical routine to assess the function of patients with motor disorders. The proper assessment of the patient's function relies greatly on the repeatability between the measurements. Marker misplacement has been reported as the largest source of variability between measurements and its impact on kinematics is not fully understood. Thus, the purpose of this study was: 1) to evaluate the impact of the misplacement of the lateral femoral epicondyle marker on lower limb kinematics, and 2) evaluate if such impact can be predicted. The kinematic data of 10 children with cerebral palsy and 10 aged-match typical developing children were included. The lateral femoral epicondyle marker was virtually misplaced around its measured position at different magnitudes and directions. The outcome to represent the impact of each marker misplacement on the lower limb was the root mean square deviations between the resultant kinematics from each simulated misplacement and the originally calculated kinematics. Correlation and regression equations were estimated between the root mean square deviation and the magnitude of the misplacement expressed in percentage of leg length. Results indicated that the lower-limb kinematics is highly sensitive to the lateral femoral epicondyle marker misplacement in the anterior-posterior direction. The joint angles most impacted by the anterior-posterior misplacement were the hip internal-external rotation (5.3° per 10 mm), the ankle internal-external rotation (4.4° per 10 mm) and the knee flexion-extension (4.2° per 10 mm). Finally, it was observed that the lower the leg length, the higher the impact of misplacement on kinematics. This impact was predicted by regression equations using the magnitude of misplacement expressed in percentage of leg length. An error below 5° on all joints requires a marker placement repeatability under 1.2% of the leg length. In conclusion, the placement of the lateral femoral epicondyle marker in the antero-posterior direction plays a crucial role on the reliability of gait measurements with the Conventional Gait Model.

SUBMITTER: Fonseca M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7182250 | biostudies-literature | 2020

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Impact of knee marker misplacement on gait kinematics of children with cerebral palsy using the Conventional Gait Model-A sensitivity study.

Fonseca Mickael M Gasparutto Xavier X Leboeuf Fabien F Dumas Raphaël R Armand Stéphane S

PloS one 20200424 4

Clinical gait analysis is widely used in clinical routine to assess the function of patients with motor disorders. The proper assessment of the patient's function relies greatly on the repeatability between the measurements. Marker misplacement has been reported as the largest source of variability between measurements and its impact on kinematics is not fully understood. Thus, the purpose of this study was: 1) to evaluate the impact of the misplacement of the lateral femoral epicondyle marker o ...[more]

PMID: 32330162

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Project description:The pendulum test assesses quadriceps spasticity by dropping the lower leg of a relaxed patient from the horizontal position and observing limb movement. The first swing excursion (FS) decreases with increasing spasticity severity. Our recent simulation study suggests that the reduced initial swing results from muscle short-range stiffness and its interaction with reflex hyper-excitability. Short-range stiffness emerges from the thixotropic behavior of muscles where fiber stiffness upon stretch increases when the muscle is held isometric. Fiber stiffness might thus be higher during the first swing of the pendulum test than during consecutive swings. In addition, it has recently been suggested that muscle spindle firing reflects fiber force rather than velocity and therefore, reflex activity might depend on fiber stiffness. If this hypothesized mechanism is true, we expect to observe larger first swing excursions and reduced reflex muscle activity when the leg is moved rather than kept isometric before release, especially in patients with increased reflex activity. We performed the pendulum test in 15 children with cerebral palsy (CP) and 15 age-matched typically developing (TD) children in two conditions. In the hold condition, the leg was kept isometric in the extended position before release. In the movement condition, the leg was moved up and down before release to reduce the contribution of short-range stiffness. Knee kinematics and muscle activity were recorded. Moving the leg before release increased first swing excursion (p < 0.001) and this increase was larger in children with CP (21°) than in TD children (8°) (p < 0.005). In addition, pre-movement delayed reflex onset by 87 ms (p < 0.05) and reduced reflex activity as assessed through the area under the curve of rectus femoris electromyography (p < 0.05) in children with CP. The movement history dependence of pendulum kinematics and reflex activity supports our hypothesis that muscle short-range stiffness and its interaction with reflex hyper-excitability contribute to joint hyper-resistance in spastic CP. Our results have implications for standardizing movement history in clinical tests of spasticity and for understanding the role of spasticity in functional movements, where movement history differs from movement history in clinical tests.

Project description:BackgroundNeuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) has been utilized for many years in cerebral palsy (CP) with limited success despite its inherent potential for improving muscle size and/or strength, inhibiting or reducing spasticity, and enhancing motor performance during functional activities such as gait. While surface NMES has been shown to successfully improve foot drop in CP and stroke, correction of more complex gait abnormalities in CP such as flexed knee (crouch) gait remains challenging due to the level of stimulation needed for the quadriceps muscles that must be balanced with patient tolerability and the ability to deliver NMES assistance at precise times within a gait cycle.MethodsThis paper outlines the design and evaluation of a custom, noninvasive NMES system that can trigger and adjust electrical stimulation in real-time. Further, this study demonstrates feasibility of one possible application for this digitally-controlled NMES system as a component of a pediatric robotic exoskeleton to provide on-demand stimulation to leg muscles within specific phases of the gait cycle for those with CP and other neurological disorders who still have lower limb sensation and volitional control. A graphical user interface was developed to digitally set stimulation parameters (amplitude, pulse width, and frequency), timing, and intensity during walking. Benchtop testing characterized system delay and power output. System performance was investigated during a single session that consisted of four overground walking conditions in a 15-year-old male with bilateral spastic CP, GMFCS Level III: (1) his current Ankle-Foot Orthosis (AFO); (2) unassisted Exoskeleton; (3) NMES of the vastus lateralis; and (4) NMES of the vastus lateralis and rectus femoris. We hypothesized in this participant with crouch gait that NMES triggered with low latency to knee extensor muscles during stance would have a modest but positive effect on knee extension during stance.ResultsThe system delivers four channels of NMES with average delays of 16.5 ± 13.5 ms. Walking results show NMES to the vastus lateralis and rectus femoris during stance immediately improved mean peak knee extension during mid-stance (p = 0.003*) and total knee excursion (p = 0.009*) in the more affected leg. The electrical design, microcontroller software and graphical user interface developed here are included as open source material to facilitate additional research into digitally-controlled surface stimulation ( github.com/NIHFAB/NMES ).ConclusionsThe custom, digitally-controlled NMES system can reliably trigger electrical stimulation with low latency. Precisely timed delivery of electrical stimulation to the quadriceps is a promising treatment for crouch. Our ultimate goal is to synchronize NMES with robotic knee extension assistance to create a hybrid NMES-exoskeleton device for gait rehabilitation in children with flexed knee gait from CP as well as from other pediatric disorders.Trial registrationclinicaltrials.gov, ID: NCT01961557 . Registered 11 October 2013; Last Updated 27 January 2020.

Project description:Background: In children with unilateral cerebral palsy (uCP) virtually nothing is known on the relation between structural brain damage and upper limb (UL) kinematics quantified with three-dimensional movement analysis (3DMA). This explorative study aimed to (1) investigate differences in UL kinematics between children with different lesion timings, i.e., periventricular white matter (PWM) vs. cortical and deep gray matter (CDGM) lesions and (2) to explore the relation between UL kinematics and lesion location and extent within each lesion timing group. Methods: Forty-eight children (age 10.4 ± 2.7 year; 29 boys; 21 right-sided; 33 PWM; 15 CDGM) underwent an UL 3DMA during a reach-to-grasp task. Spatiotemporal parameters [movement duration, (timing of) maximum velocity, trajectory straightness], the Arm Profile Score (APS) and Arm Variable Scores (AVS) were extracted. The APS and AVS refer to the total amount of movement pathology and movement deviations of the wrist, elbow, shoulder, scapula and trunk respectively. Brain lesion location and extent were scored based on FLAIR-images using a semi-quantitative MRI-scale. Results: Children with CDGM lesions showed more aberrant spatiotemporal parameters (p < 0.03) and more movement pathology (APS, p = 0.003) compared to the PWM group, mostly characterized by increased wrist flexion (p = 0.01). In the CDGM group, moderate to high correlations were found between lesion location and extent and duration, timing of maximum velocity and trajectory straightness (r = 0.53-0.90). Lesion location and extent were further moderately correlated with distal UL movement pathology (wrist flexion/extension, elbow pronation/supination, elbow flexion/extension; r = 0.50-0.65) and with the APS (r = 0.51-0.63). In the PWM group, only a few and low correlations were observed, mostly between damage to the PLIC and higher AVS of elbow flexion/extension, shoulder elevation and trunk rotation (r = 0.35-0.42). Regression analysis revealed damage to the temporal lobe with lesion timing as interactor (27%, p = 0.002) and the posterior limb of the internal capsule (PLIC) (7%, p = 0.04) as the strongest predictors, explaining 34% of the variance in APS. Conclusion: UL kinematic deviations are more influenced by lesion location and extent in children with later (CDGM) versus earlier lesions (PWM), except for proximal movement pathology. Damage to the PLIC is a significant predictor for UL movement pathology irrespective of lesion timing.

Project description:Upper body movements during walking provide information about balance control and gait stability. Typically developing (TD) children normally present a progressive decrease of accelerations from the pelvis to the head, whereas children with cerebral palsy (CP) exhibit a general increase of upper body accelerations. However, the literature describing how they are transmitted from the pelvis to the head is lacking. This study proposes a multilevel motion sensor approach to characterize upper body accelerations and how they propagate from pelvis to head in children with CP, comparing with their TD peers. Two age- and gender-matched groups of 20 children performed a 10m walking test at self-selected speed while wearing three magneto-inertial sensors located at pelvis, sternum, and head levels. The root mean square value of the accelerations at each level was computed in a local anatomical frame and its variation from lower to upper levels was described using attenuation coefficients. Between-group differences were assessed performing an ANCOVA, while the mutual dependence between acceleration components and the relationship between biomechanical parameters and typical clinical scores were investigated using Regression Analysis and Spearman's Correlation, respectively (? = 0.05). New insights were obtained on how the CP group managed the transmission of accelerations through the upper body. Despite a significant reduction of the acceleration from pelvis to sternum, children with CP do not compensate for large accelerations, which are greater than in TD children. Furthermore, those with CP showed negative sternum-to-head attenuations, in agreement with the documented rigidity of the head-trunk system observed in this population. In addition, the estimated parameters proved to correlate with the scores used in daily clinical practice. The proposed multilevel approach was fruitful in highlighting CP-TD gait differences, supported the in-field quantitative gait assessment in children with CP and might prove beneficial to designing innovative intervention protocols based on pelvis stabilization.

Project description:BackgroundComputer simulations have demonstrated that excessive hip and knee flexion during gait, as frequently seen in ambulatory children with cerebral palsy (CP), can reduce the ability of muscles to provide antigravity support and increase the tendency of hip muscles to internally rotate the thigh. These findings suggest that therapies for improving upright posture during gait also may reduce excessive internal rotation.ObjectiveThe goal of this study was to determine whether strength training can diminish the degree of crouched, internally rotated gait in children with spastic diplegic CP.DesignThis was a pilot prospective clinical trial.MethodsEight children with CP participated in an 8-week progressive resistance exercise program, with 3-dimensional gait analysis and isokinetic testing performed before and after the program. Secondary measures included passive range of motion, the Ashworth Scale, and the PedsQL CP Module. To identify factors that may have influenced outcome, individual and subgroup data were examined for patterns of change within and across variables.ResultsStrength (force-generating capacity) increased significantly in the left hip extensors, with smaller, nonsignificant mean increases in the other 3 extensor muscle groups, yet kinematic and functional outcomes were inconsistent. The first reported subject-specific computer simulations of crouch gait were created for one child who showed substantial benefit to examine the factors that may have contributed to this outcome.LimitationsThe sample was small, with wide variability in outcomes.ConclusionsStrength training may improve walking function and alignment in some patients for whom weakness is a major contributor to their gait deficits. However, in other patients, it may produce no change or even undesired outcomes. Given the variability of outcomes in this and other strengthening studies in CP, analytical approaches to determine the sources of variability are needed to better identify those individuals who are most likely to benefit from strengthening.

Project description:The interaction between brain damage and motor function is not yet fully understood in children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP). Therefore, a semi-quantitative MRI (sqMRI) scale was used to explore whether identified brain lesions related to functional abilities and gait pathology in this population. A retrospective cohort of ambulatory children with spastic CP was selected [N = 104; 52 bilateral (bCP) and 52 unilateral (uCP)]. Extent and location-specific scores were defined according to the sqMRI scale guidelines. The gross motor function classification system (GMFCS), the gait profile score (GPS), GPSs per motion plane, gait variable scores (GVS) and multiple-joint (MJ) gait patterns were related to brain lesion scores. In all groups, the global total brain scores correlated to the GPS (total: r s = 0.404, p ? 0.001; bCP: r s = 0.335, p ? 0.05; uCP: r s = 0.493, p ? 0.001). The global total hemispheric scores correlated to the GMFCS (total: r s = 0.392, p ? 0.001; bCP: r s = 0.316, p ? 0.05; uCP: r s = 0.331, p ? 0.05). The laterality scores of the hemispheres in the total group correlated negatively to the GMFCS level (r s = -0.523, p ? 0.001) and the GVS-knee sagittal (r s = -0.311, p ? 0.01). Lesion location, for the total group demonstrated positive correlations between parietal lobe involvement and the GPS (r s = 0.321, p ? 0.001) and between periventricular layer damage and the GMFCS (r s = 0.348, p ? 0.001). Involvement of the anterior part of the corpus callosum (CC) was associated with the GVS-hip sagittal in all groups (total: r pb = 0.495, p ? 0.001; bCP: r pb = 0.357, p ? 0.05; uCP: r pb = 0.641, p ? 0.001). The global total hemispheric and laterality of the hemispheres scores differentiated between the minor and both the extension (p ? 0.001 and p ? 0.001) and flexion (p = 0.016 and p = 0.013, respectively) MJ patterns in the total group. Maximal periventricular involvement and CC intactness were associated with extension patterns (p ? 0.05 and p ? 0.001, respectively). Current findings demonstrated relationships between brain structure and motor function as well as pathological gait, in this cohort of children with CP. These results might facilitate the timely identification of gait pathology and, ultimately, guide individualized treatment planning of gait impairments in children with CP.

Dataset Information

Impact of knee marker misplacement on gait kinematics of children with cerebral palsy using the Conventional Gait Model-A sensitivity study.

Publications

Impact of knee marker misplacement on gait kinematics of children with cerebral palsy using the Conventional Gait Model-A sensitivity study.

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