Dataset Information

Motor Cortex Reorganization in Limb Amputation: A Systematic Review of TMS Motor Mapping Studies.

ABSTRACT: Purpose: The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate motor cortex reorganization in amputees as indexed by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) cortical mapping and its relationship with phantom limb pain (PLP). Methods: Pubmed database were systematically searched. Three independent researchers screened the relevant articles, and the data of motor output maps, including the number of effective stimulation sites, center of gravity (CoG) shift, and their clinical correlations were extracted. We calculated a pooled CoG shift for motor cortex TMS mapping. Results: The search yielded 468 articles, 11 were included. Three studies performed correlation between the cortical changes and PLP intensity, and only one study compared cortical mapping changes between amputees with pain and without pain. Results showed (i) enlarged excitable area and a shift of CoG of neighboring areas toward the deafferented limb area; (ii) no correlation between motor cortex reorganization and level of pain and (iii) greater cortical reorganization in patients with PLP compared to amputation without pain. Conclusion: Our review supports the evidence for cortical reorganization in the affected hemisphere following an amputation. The motor cortex reorganization could be a potential clinical target for prevention and treatment response of PLP.

SUBMITTER: Gunduz ME

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7187753 | biostudies-literature | 2020

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Motor Cortex Reorganization in Limb Amputation: A Systematic Review of TMS Motor Mapping Studies.

Gunduz Muhammed Enes ME Pinto Camila Bonin CB Saleh Velez Faddi Ghassan FG Duarte Dante D Pacheco-Barrios Kevin K Lopes Fernanda F Fregni Felipe F

Frontiers in neuroscience 20200421

<b>Purpose:</b> The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate motor cortex reorganization in amputees as indexed by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) cortical mapping and its relationship with phantom limb pain (PLP). <b>Methods:</b> Pubmed database were systematically searched. Three independent researchers screened the relevant articles, and the data of motor output maps, including the number of effective stimulation sites, center of gravity (CoG) shift, and their clinical correla ...[more]

PMID: 32372907

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Project description:The embodied cognition hypothesis suggests that motor and premotor areas are automatically and necessarily involved in understanding action language, as word conceptual representations are embodied. This transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) study explores the role of the left primary motor cortex in action-verb processing. TMS-induced motor-evoked potentials from right-hand muscles were recorded as a measure of M1 activity, while participants were asked either to judge explicitly whether a verb was action-related (semantic task) or to decide on the number of syllables in a verb (syllabic task). TMS was applied in three different experiments at 170, 350 and 500 ms post-stimulus during both tasks to identify when the enhancement of M1 activity occurred during word processing. The delays between stimulus onset and magnetic stimulation were consistent with electrophysiological studies, suggesting that word recognition can be differentiated into early (within 200 ms) and late (within 400 ms) lexical-semantic stages, and post-conceptual stages. Reaction times and accuracy were recorded to measure the extent to which the participants' linguistic performance was affected by the interference of TMS with M1 activity. No enhancement of M1 activity specific for action verbs was found at 170 and 350 ms post-stimulus, when lexical-semantic processes are presumed to occur (Experiments 1-2). When TMS was applied at 500 ms post-stimulus (Experiment 3), processing action verbs, compared with non-action verbs, increased the M1-activity in the semantic task and decreased it in the syllabic task. This effect was specific for hand-action verbs and was not observed for action-verbs related to other body parts. Neither accuracy nor RTs were affected by TMS. These findings suggest that the lexical-semantic processing of action verbs does not automatically activate the M1. This area seems to be rather involved in post-conceptual processing that follows the retrieval of motor representations, its activity being modulated (facilitated or inhibited), in a top-down manner, by the specific demand of the task.

Dataset Information

Motor Cortex Reorganization in Limb Amputation: A Systematic Review of TMS Motor Mapping Studies.

Publications

Motor Cortex Reorganization in Limb Amputation: A Systematic Review of TMS Motor Mapping Studies.

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