Dataset Information

Origin and adaptation of green-sensitive (RH2) pigments in vertebrates.

ABSTRACT: One of the critical times for the survival of animals is twilight where the most abundant visible lights are between 400 and 550 nanometres (nm). Green-sensitive RH2 pigments help nonmammalian vertebrate species to better discriminate wavelengths in this blue-green region. Here, evaluation of the wavelengths of maximal absorption (?max s) of genetically engineered RH2 pigments representing 13 critical stages of vertebrate evolution revealed that the RH2 pigment of the most recent common ancestor of vertebrates had a ?max of 503 nm, while the 12 ancestral pigments exhibited an expanded range in ?max s between 474 and 524 nm, and present-day RH2 pigments have further expanded the range to ~ 450-530 nm. During vertebrate evolution, eight out of the 16 significant ?max shifts (or |??max | ? 10 nm) of RH2 pigments identified were fully explained by the repeated mutations E122Q (twice), Q122E (thrice) and M207L (twice), and A292S (once). Our data indicated that the highly variable ?max s of teleost RH2 pigments arose from gene duplications followed by accelerated amino acid substitution.

SUBMITTER: Yokoyama S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7193153 | biostudies-literature | 2020 May

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Origin and adaptation of green-sensitive (RH2) pigments in vertebrates.

Yokoyama Shozo S Jia Huiyong H

FEBS open bio 20200411 5

One of the critical times for the survival of animals is twilight where the most abundant visible lights are between 400 and 550 nanometres (nm). Green-sensitive RH2 pigments help nonmammalian vertebrate species to better discriminate wavelengths in this blue-green region. Here, evaluation of the wavelengths of maximal absorption (λ<sub>max</sub> s) of genetically engineered RH2 pigments representing 13 critical stages of vertebrate evolution revealed that the RH2 pigment of the most recent comm ...[more]

PMID: 32189477

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Project description:Membrane transporters (MTs) facilitate the movement of molecules between cellular compartments. The evolutionary history of these key components of eukaryote genomes remains unclear. Many photosynthetic microbial eukaryotes (e.g., diatoms, haptophytes, and dinoflagellates) appear to have undergone serial endosymbiosis and thereby recruited foreign genes through endosymbiotic/horizontal gene transfer (E/HGT). Here we used the diatoms Thalassiosira pseudonana and Phaeodactylum tricornutum as models to examine the evolutionary origin of MTs in this important group of marine primary producers. Using phylogenomics, we used 1,014 diatom MTs as query against a broadly sampled protein sequence database that includes novel genome data from the mesophilic red algae Porphyridium cruentum and Calliarthron tuberculosum, and the stramenopile Ectocarpus siliculosus. Our conservative approach resulted in 879 maximum likelihood trees of which 399 genes show a non-lineal history between diatoms and other eukaryotes and prokaryotes (at the bootstrap value ?70%). Of the eukaryote-derived MTs, 172 (ca. 25% of 697 examined phylogenies) have members of both red/green algae as sister groups, with 103 putatively arising from green algae, 19 from red algae, and 50 have an unresolved affiliation to red and/or green algae. We used topology tests to analyze the most convincing cases of non-lineal gene history in which red and/or green algae were nested within stramenopiles. This analysis showed that ca. 6% of all trees (our most conservative estimate) support an algal origin of MTs in stramenopiles with the majority derived from green algae. Our findings demonstrate the complex evolutionary history of photosynthetic eukaryotes and indicate a reticulate origin of MT genes in diatoms. We postulate that the algal-derived MTs acquired via E/HGT provided diatoms and other related microbial eukaryotes the ability to persist under conditions of fluctuating ocean chemistry, likely contributing to their great success in marine environments.

Project description:1. Factors affecting the norethindrone-mediated conversion of hepatic haem into green pigments have been studied in the rat. Concentrations of haem and green pigments were estimated spectrophotometrically after esterification and separation by silica gel high-pressure liquid chromatography (h.p.l.c.). 2. Accumulation of green pigments in the liver was dependent on the dose of steroid and the time after dosing, maximum values being reached after 4-8h. Phenobarbitone pretreatment of rats resulted in an 8-fold increase in the concentration of green pigments at these times. 3. In microsomal systems in vitro, the formation of green pigments in the presence of NADPH and norethindrone was also dependent on the concentration of steroid and incubation times. Reaction rates very rapidly became non-linear with time, consistent with the self-catalysed destruction of the form(s) of cytochrome P-450 responsible for the metabolic activation of norethindrone. Microsomal mixtures incubated for a short period of time (1min) with norethindrone gave only one green-pigment peak after h.p.l.c. Longer incubation times gave four or five additional green pigments. Results suggested that multiple green pigments may arise by metabolic transformation of a single precursor. 4. When liver haem was prelabelled with (14)C by using 5-amino[4-(14)C]laevulinic acid, subsequent dosing with norethindrone in vivo gave rise to three major (14)C-labelled-green-pigment peaks on h.p.l.c. None of these components had the same retention times as the green pigments produced by microsomal fractions in vitro. 5. When liver haem was prelabelled with (59)Fe by using (59)FeCl(3), norethindrone administration resulted in the detection of (59)Fe-labelled green pigments if subsequent esterification was carried out under neutral conditions with trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate, but not when carried out under acidic conditions with methanol/H(2)SO(4). These results suggested that green pigments normally contain chelated iron and that metal-free green pigments are not produced by the liver.

Dataset Information

Origin and adaptation of green-sensitive (RH2) pigments in vertebrates.

Publications

Origin and adaptation of green-sensitive (RH2) pigments in vertebrates.

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