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The Effect of Temperature and Milling Process on Steel Scale Utilized as a Pigment for Ceramic Glaze.

ABSTRACT: This study is focused on the evaluation of the re-utilizability of scale originated during the steel casting and steel rolling processes as a pigment for glazes. Non-oiled scale with Fe3O4 as the major phase were used as a coloring component of transparent glaze matrix in: (i) as received state, (ii) thermally pre-treated at 700 and 900 °C, (iii) mechanically treated in planetary ball mill (60, 120 and 240 min) and (iv) mechanically treated in vibratory disc mill (60 and 120 min). Prepared glazes were applied on the surface of ceramic tiles prepared from a commercially available white ceramic slurry. The resulting tiles with given glaze were thermally treated at 800, 900 and 1060 °C. The pigments were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction method (XRD), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), granulometry (PSD), thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDAX). The color of the samples was described by the coordinates L*a*b* from CIELAB color space. The results showed that the non-oiled scale is suitable as the pigment for ceramic glazes. Careful control of the scale treatment process (mechanical as well as thermal) together with the temperature of final glaze firing is necessary to obtain the glaze of desired color and quality.

SUBMITTER: Ovcacikova H

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7216004 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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The Effect of Temperature and Milling Process on Steel Scale Utilized as a Pigment for Ceramic Glaze.

Ovčačíková Hana H Vlček Jozef J Matějka Vlastimil V Juřica Jan J Maierová Petra P Mlčoch Petr P

Materials (Basel, Switzerland) 20200412 8

This study is focused on the evaluation of the re-utilizability of scale originated during the steel casting and steel rolling processes as a pigment for glazes. Non-oiled scale with Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> as the major phase were used as a coloring component of transparent glaze matrix in: (i) as received state, (ii) thermally pre-treated at 700 and 900 °C, (iii) mechanically treated in planetary ball mill (60, 120 and 240 min) and (iv) mechanically treated in vibratory disc mill (60 and 12 ...[more]

PMID: 32290593

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Project description:BackgroundEnzymatic corn wet milling (E-milling) is a process derived from conventional wet milling for the recovery and purification of starch and co-products using proteases to eliminate the need for sulfites and decrease the steeping time. In 2006, the total starch production in USA by conventional wet milling equaled 23 billion kilograms, including modified starches and starches used for sweeteners and ethanol production 1. Process engineering and cost models for an E-milling process have been developed for a processing plant with a capacity of 2.54 million kg of corn per day (100,000 bu/day). These models are based on the previously published models for a traditional wet milling plant with the same capacity. The E-milling process includes grain cleaning, pretreatment, enzymatic treatment, germ separation and recovery, fiber separation and recovery, gluten separation and recovery and starch separation. Information for the development of the conventional models was obtained from a variety of technical sources including commercial wet milling companies, industry experts and equipment suppliers. Additional information for the present models was obtained from our own experience with the development of the E-milling process and trials in the laboratory and at the pilot plant scale. The models were developed using process and cost simulation software (SuperPro Designer) and include processing information such as composition and flow rates of the various process streams, descriptions of the various unit operations and detailed breakdowns of the operating and capital cost of the facility.ResultsBased on the information from the model, we can estimate the cost of production per kilogram of starch using the input prices for corn, enzyme and other wet milling co-products. The work presented here describes the E-milling process and compares the process, the operation and costs with the conventional process.ConclusionThe E-milling process was found to be cost competitive with the conventional process during periods of high corn feedstock costs since the enzymatic process enhances the yields of the products in a corn wet milling process. This model is available upon request from the authors for educational, research and non-commercial uses.

Dataset Information

The Effect of Temperature and Milling Process on Steel Scale Utilized as a Pigment for Ceramic Glaze.

Publications

The Effect of Temperature and Milling Process on Steel Scale Utilized as a Pigment for Ceramic Glaze.

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