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Positive Effect of Breastfeeding on Child Development, Anxiety, and Postpartum Depression.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:Postpartum depression is a psychiatric disorder that starts from the second to the sixth week after birth. Breastfeeding is considered a protective factor for postpartum mood swings. This paper aims to examine the effect of breastfeeding on postpartum depression and anxiety, and how it affects child development. METHODS:The study included 209 pregnant women, 197 puerperea, and 160 women at the end of the third month after delivery, followed through three time-points. The instruments used in the study were the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS), Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI), and Beck's Anxiety Inventory (BAI). RESULTS:Postpartum mothers with low risk of PPD breastfed their children more often than mothers with a mild or severe risk of perinatal depression. Mean values on the BDI scale three months after giving birth were higher in mothers who did not breastfeed their child (M = 3.53) than those who did breastfeed their child (M = 2.28). Postpartum anxiety measured by BAI was statistically negatively correlated (rs-, 430) with the duration of breastfeeding. CONCLUSION:Nonbreastfeeding mothers are more depressed and anxious compared to breastfeeding mothers.

SUBMITTER: Miksic S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7216213 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Positive Effect of Breastfeeding on Child Development, Anxiety, and Postpartum Depression.

Mikšić Štefica Š Uglešić Boran B Jakab Jelena J Holik Dubravka D Milostić Srb Andrea A Degmečić Dunja D

International journal of environmental research and public health 20200415 8

<h4>Background</h4>Postpartum depression is a psychiatric disorder that starts from the second to the sixth week after birth. Breastfeeding is considered a protective factor for postpartum mood swings. This paper aims to examine the effect of breastfeeding on postpartum depression and anxiety, and how it affects child development.<h4>Methods</h4>The study included 209 pregnant women, 197 puerperea, and 160 women at the end of the third month after delivery, followed through three time-points. Th ...[more]

PMID: 32326485

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Project description:BackgroundWomen with antenatal depression often have a higher risk of developing postpartum depression (PPD) after delivery. A number of factors associated with the PDD in those previously reporting antenatal depression have been suggested, but further research is needed. This study aimed to investigate factors associated with developing subsequent postnatal depression in women who had screened positive for antenatal depression.MethodsThis study was carried out in Hangzhou women's Hospital. 578 women who experienced antenatal depression from this cohort were enrolled in this study. The sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the participants were collected and tabulated against the incidence of postnatal depression. Binary logistic regression was used to estimate the effects of the principal underlying variables. The Chinese-version Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to screen for PPD. Antenatal screening for depression was conducted at 28-34 weeks during pregnancy and postpartum depressive symptoms were assessed at 6 weeks after childbirth in the women. Path Analysis of Structural Equation Model (SEM) was employed to explore the direct, indirect, and total effects of risk factors of PPD.Results57.6% (n = 333) of the participants subsequently developed PPD in our study. The results of the logistic analysis indicated that ages ≤ 35 years old (OR = 1.852; 95%CI: 1.002-3.423), non-one-child families (OR = 1.518; 95%CI: 1.047-2.200), and rare care from partner during pregnancy (OR = 2.801; 95%CI: 1.038-7.562), the antenatal EPDS score (OR = 1.128; 95%CI: 1.052-1.209), pyrexia during pregnancy (OR = 2.43; 95%CI: 1.358-4.345), fairly good (OR = 1.836; 95%CI: 1.009-3.340), fairly bad (OR = 3.919; 95%CI:2.072-7.414) and very bad postpartum sleep quality (OR = 9.18; 95%CI: 2.335-36.241) were associated with increased risk of PPD (compared to very good postpartum sleep quality). In path analysis model, antenatal EPDS score (standardized total β = 0.173) and pyrexia during pregnancy (standardized total β = 0.132) had both direct and indirect effects (the impact on outcome variables needs to be determined through other variables) on PPD. Sleep quality after delivery (standardized β = 0.226) and one-child family (standardized β = 0.088) had direct effects only on PPD.ConclusionThe results from our study indicated that more than 50% of the women who experienced antepartum depression would subsequently develop PPD. Depressive symptoms and pyrexia during pregnancy increase PPD scores, and these effects were in part mediated via poor sleep quality during the postpartum period.

Project description:BackgroundInvolving parents in the prevention of mental health problems in children is prudent given their fundamental role in supporting their child's development. However, few measures encapsulate the range of risk and protective factors for child anxiety and depression that parents can potentially modify. The Parenting to Reduce Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (PaRCADS) was developed as a criterion-referenced measure to assess parenting against a set of evidence-based parenting guidelines for the prevention of child anxiety and depressive disorders.MethodsIn Study 1, 355 parents of children 8-11 years old across Australia completed the PaRCADS and measures of parenting, general family functioning, child anxiety and depressive symptoms, and parent and child health-related quality of life. Their children completed measures of parenting, anxiety and depressive symptoms, and health-related quality of life. In Study 2, six subject-experts independently evaluated the PaRCADS items for item-objective congruence and item-relevance. Item analysis was conducted by examining item-total point-biserial correlation, difficulty index, B-index, and expert-rated content validity indices. Reliability (or dependability) was assessed by agreement coefficients for single administration. Construct validity was examined by correlational analyses with other measures.ResultsFour items were removed to yield a 79-item, 10-subscale PaRCADS. Reliability estimates for the subscale and total score range from .74 to .94. Convergent validity was indicated by moderate to strong correlations with other parenting and family functioning measures, and discriminant validity was supported by small to moderate correlations with a measure of parents' health-related quality of life. Higher scores on the PaRCADS were associated with fewer anxiety and depressive symptoms and better health-related quality of life in the child. PaRCADS total score was associated with parental age, parent reported child's history of mental health diagnosis and child's current mental health problem.DiscussionResults showed that the PaRCADS demonstrates adequate psychometric properties that provide initial support for its use as a measure of parenting risk and protective factors for child anxiety and depression. The scale may be used for intervention and evaluative purposes in preventive programs and research.

Project description:ObjectiveTo examine the association between maternal depression and anxiety disorders (MDAD) and child development assessed during the kindergarten year.MethodsAdministrative data from several health and social databases in Manitoba, Canada, were used to study 18,331 mother-child pairs. MDAD over the period from one year prior to the child's birth to the kindergarten year was defined using physician diagnoses and filled prescriptions. Child development was assessed during the kindergarten year using the Early Development Instrument (EDI) which measures vulnerability across five domains of development. Structural equation modeling was used to examine associations between timing, recurrence and severity of MDAD and child outcomes. Health at Birth (preterm, low birth weight, neonatal intensive care stay and long birth hospitalization), Family Context (teen mother, lone parent, socio-economic status (SES)), child age and child sex were covariates.ResultsMDAD had a modest negative association with child EDI scores across all models tested, particularly for social, emotional and physical development. Prenatal MDAD had a stronger negative association with outcomes than other time periods; however, recurrent MDAD had a stronger negative association with outcomes than any specific time period or MDAD severity. The influence of MDAD was mediated by Family Context, which had a strong, negative association with outcomes, particularly language and cognitive development.ConclusionThe number of time periods a child was exposed to MDAD in early childhood was more negatively associated with five areas of child development than timing or severity. Prenatal exposure may be more sensitive to MDAD than other time periods. The familial context (teen mother, lone parenthood and low SES) had a stronger influence on child outcomes than MDAD. Findings can be used to inform interventions which address maternal mental health from the prenatal period onward, and to support disadvantaged families to encourage healthy birth outcomes, early childhood development and school readiness.

Dataset Information

Positive Effect of Breastfeeding on Child Development, Anxiety, and Postpartum Depression.

Publications

Positive Effect of Breastfeeding on Child Development, Anxiety, and Postpartum Depression.

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