Project description:Surgical valve replacement after infective endocarditis can result in local destructive paravalvular lesions. A 30-year-old woman with infective endocarditis underwent mitral valve replacement that was complicated postoperatively by 2 paravalvular leaks. During percutaneous closure of the leaks, a Gerbode defect was also found and closed. We discuss our patient's case and its relation to others in the relevant medical literature. To our knowledge, we are the first to describe the use of a percutaneous approach to close concomitant paravalvular leaks and a Gerbode defect.
Project description:A 42-year-old man with a history of surgically repaired coarctation of the aorta presented with a refractory right heart failure. Echocardiography revealed a calcified bicuspid aortic valve both regurgitant and stenotic and a defect within the membranous septum with left to right shunt from the left ventricle (LV) to the right atrium. The patient was referred to surgery for an aortic valve replacement and closure with patch repair of the Gerbode type defect. Post-operative course was complicated by refractory heart failure with a persistent left to right shunt through the defect due to loose sutures. Taking into account the high surgical risk, percutaneous closure of the defect was decided. An Amplatzer Duct Occluder (St Jude Medical, USA) I device was successfully released within the defect. The patient was completely asymptomatic on follow-up.
Project description:The role of percutaneous mitral valve repair (PMVr) in management of high-risk patients with severe mitral regurgitation (MR) and acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is undetermined. We screened all patients who underwent PMVr between October 2015 and March 2020. We evaluated immediate, 30-day, and 1-year outcomes in patients who underwent PMVr during hospitalization due to ADHF as compared to elective patients. From a cohort of 237 patients, we identified 46 patients (19.4%) with severe MR of either functional or degenerative etiology who underwent PMVr during index hospitalization due to ADHF, including 17 (37%) critically ill patients. Patients' mean age was 75.2 ± 9.8 years, 56% were males. There were no differences in background history between ADHF and elective patients. Patients with ADHF were at higher risk for surgery, reflected in higher mean EuroSCORE II, compared with elective patients. After PMVr, we observed higher 30-day mortality rate in ADHF patients as compared to the elective group (10.9% vs. 3.1%, respectively, p = 0.042). One-year mortality rate was similar between the groups (21.7% vs. 17.9%, p = 0.493). Clinical and echocardiographic follow-up showed improvement of NYHA functional class and sPAP reduction in both groups ((54 ± 15 mmHg to 50 ±15 in the elective group (p = 0.02), 58 ± 13 mmHg to 52 ± 12 in the ADHF group (p = 0.02)). PMVr could be an alternative option for treatment of patients with severe MR and ADHF.
Project description:AimsTherapeutic options for patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) are sparse. Mitral regurgitation (MR) is a common feature of HFpEF and worsens heart failure symptoms and prognosis. Our study examines the outcome of patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and elevated left atrial (LAP) or left ventricular filling pressures (LVEDP), indicative of HFpEF, after undergoing percutaneous edge-to-edge mitral valve repair (pMVR) for moderate-severe MR.Methods and resultsTwo hundred eleven patients with preserved LVEF (>50%), who underwent pMVR, were dichotomized by LAP (< / ≥15 mmHg) and LVEDP (< / ≥16 mmHg). Forty-nine per cent of patients showed elevated LAP, and LVEDP was elevated in 55%, both indicating HFpEF. Patients with elevated filling pressures featured typical clinical characteristics of HFpEF, higher N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide levels (5544.9 pg/mL in high LAP group vs. 3071.7 pg/mL in normal LAP group, P = 0.06; 5061.0 pg/mL in high LVEDP group vs. 3230.3 pg/mL in normal LVEDP group, P = 0.08), and higher prevalence of pulmonary hypertension (mean pulmonary artery pressure 36.4 mmHg in high LAP group vs. 26.3 mmHg in normal LAP group, P < 0.001; 35.2 mmHg in high LVEDP group vs. 29.7 mmHg in normal LVEDP group, P = 0.004) and atrial fibrillation (78.8% in normal LAP group vs. 61.0% in high LAP group, P = 0.04; 75.3% in high LVEDP group vs. 67.5% in normal LVEDP group, P = 0.25). Pre-treatment MR grade and New York Heart Association (NYHA) class were similar in both normal filling pressure and HFpEF groups. pMVR in HFpEF patients achieved effective heart failure symptom relief comparable with patients with normal filling pressures: significant decrease of MR grade and NYHA class, as well as significant reduction of heart failure hospitalizations 12 months after compared with 12 months before MitraClip.ConclusionPercutaneous edge-to-edge mitral valve repair for moderate-severe MR is an effective treatment option for symptom relief in HFpEF patients.
Project description:Secondary mitral regurgitation (MR) results from left ventricular dilatation and dysfunction. Quantification of secondary MR is challenging because of the underlying myocardial disease. Clinical and echocardiographic evaluation requires a multi-parametric approach. Severe secondary MR occurs in up to one-fourth of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, which is associated with a mortality rate of 40% to 50% in 3 years. Percutaneous edge-to-edge mitral valve repair (MitraClip) has emerged as an alternative to surgical valve repair to improve symptoms, functional capacity, heart failure hospitalizations, and cardiac haemodynamics. Further new transcatheter strategies addressing MR are evolving. The Carillion, Cardioband, and Mitralign devices were designed to reduce the annulus dilatation, which is a frequent and important determinant of secondary MR. Several transcatheter mitral valve replacement systems (Tendyne, CardiAQ-Edwards, Neovasc, Tiara, Intrepid, Caisson, HighLife, MValve System, and NCSI NaviGate Mitral) are emerging because valve replacement might be more durable compared with valve repair. In small studies, these interventional therapies demonstrated feasibility and efficiency to reduce MR and to improve heart failure symptoms. However, neither transcatheter nor surgical mitral valve repair or replacement has been proven to impact on the prognosis of heart failure patients with severe MR, which remains high with a mortality rate of 14-20% at 1 year. To date, the primary indication for treatment of secondary severe MR is the amelioration of symptoms, reinforcing the value of a Heart Team discussion. Randomized studies to investigate the treatment effect and long-term outcome for any transcatheter or surgical mitral valve intervention compared with optimized medical treatment are urgently needed and underway.
Project description:The renewed interest in tricuspid valve pathology is a consequence of the high mortality rate associated with this valve dysfunction, mostly functional, and secondary to left ventricular impairment, or pulmonary hypertension. Despite the clear relationship between tricuspid insufficiency and mortality, surgical treatment is offered to a small group of patients, due to the significant in-hospital mortality secondary also to the multiple comorbidities and the advanced stage of left ventricular dysfunction. During the last few years, new therapeutic options have been developed for the percutaneous treatment of tricuspid insufficiency which, albeit still in the experimental phase, provides an alternative to surgery in patients at very high-risk or frankly inoperable. We will describe the various percutaneous therapeutic options available today, and their potential application to clinical practice.
Project description:We report the case of a rare association of a congenital Gerbode defect with severe mitral regurgitation due to abnormal linear structure of mitral valve, diagnosed in an adult patient. The case highlights the importance of a thorough examination interpreting the echocardiographic findings on a pathophysiological basis. It also underlines the complementary role of different imaging techniques with transesophageal echocardiography, allowing the precise assessment of both structural and functional abnormalities in such a complex case. The patient underwent mitral valve replacement with a bileaflet mechanical prosthesis and repair of the Gerbode defect. The imaging findings were confirmed during the surgical procedure, leading to a good outcome.
Project description:Gerbode defect is a rare type of left ventricle to right atrium shunt. It is usually congenital in origin, but acquired cases are also described, mainly following infective endocarditis, valve replacement, trauma or acute myocardial infarction. We report a case of a 50-year-old man who suffered an extensive and complex infective endocarditis involving a bicuspid aortic valve, the mitral-aortic intervalvular fibrosa and the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve. After dual valve replacement and annular reconstruction, a shunt between the left ventricle and the right atrium--Gerbode defect, and a severe leak of the mitral prosthesis were detected. Reintervention was performed with successful shunt closure with an autologous pericardial patch and paravalvular leak correction. No major complications occurred denying the immediate post-surgery period and the follow-up at the first year was uneventful.
Project description:Objective:To further the understanding of the factors influencing outcome following rheumatic heart disease (RHD) related mitral valve surgery, which globally remains an important cause of heart disease and a particular problem in Indigenous Australians. Methods:The Australian Cardiac Surgery Database was utilised to assess outcomes following mitral valve repair and replacement for RHD and non-RHD valve disease. The association with aetiology, demographics, comorbidities, preoperative status and operative procedure was evaluated. Results:Mitral valve repairs and replacements undertaken in Australia were analysed from 119 and 1078 RHD surgical procedures and 3279 and 2400 non-RHD procedures, respectively. RHD mitral valve repair, compared with replacement, resulted in a slightly shorter hospital stay and more reoperation for valve dysfunction, but no difference in 30-day survival. In unadjusted survival analysis to 5?years, RHD mitral valve repair and replacement were no different (HR 0.86, 95%?CI 0.4 to 1.7), non-RHD repair was superior to replacement (HR 1.7, 95% CI 1.4 to 2.0), RHD and non-RHD repair were no different (HR 0.9, 95% CI 0.5 to 1.7), and RHD replacement was superior to non-RHD (HR 1.5, 95% CI 1.2 to 1.9). None of these differences persisted in adjusted analyses and there was no difference in long-term survival for Indigenous Australians. Conclusion:In this large prospective cohort study we have demonstrated that adjusted long-term survival following RHD mitral valve repair surgery in Australia is no different to replacement and no different to non-RHD. Interpretation of valve surgery outcome requires careful consideration of patient factors that may also influence survival.
Project description:Mitral regurgitation (MR) is a common disease affecting more than 4 million people in the United States and the European Union. A significant number of percutaneous valves have been developed recently, specifically designed for the mitral anatomy, and with a promising evidence of good procedural and echocardiographic outcomes. However, even if transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR) will have a role in the future of percutaneous treatment of both functional and degenerative mitral regurgitation, percutaneous mitral valve repair will always play a vital role in the treatment of MR because of the favorable safety profile and the fact that it respects the native anatomy. In this review, we will discuss the new emerging technologies under development to treat mitral regurgitation focusing on different devices that aim to target different components of the mitral anatomy.