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Fetal and organ development at gestational days 45, 90, 135 and at birth of lambs exposed to under- or over-nutrition during gestation,.

ABSTRACT: To determine the effects of poor maternal nutrition on offspring body and organ growth during gestation, pregnant Western White-faced ewes (n = 82) were randomly assigned into a 3 × 4 factorial treatment structure at d 30.2 ± 0.2 of gestation (n = 5 to 7 ewes per treatment). Ewes were individually fed 100% (control), 60% (restricted) or 140% (over) of NRC requirements for TDN. Ewes were euthanized at d 45, 90 or 135 of gestation or underwent parturition (birth) and tissues were collected from the offspring (n = 10 to 15 offspring per treatment). Offspring from control, restricted and overfed ewes are referred to as CON, RES and OVER, respectively. Ewe data were analyzed as a completely randomized design and offspring data were analyzed as a split-plot design using PROC MIXED. Ewe BW did not differ at d 30 (P ? 0.43), however restricted ewes weighed less than overfed and overfed were heavier than controls at d 45, and restricted weighed less and overfed were heavier than controls at d 90 and 135 and birth (P ? 0.05). Ewe BCS was similar at d 30, 45 and 90 (P ? 0.07), however restricted ewes scored lower than control at d 135 and birth (P ? 0.05) and over ewes scored higher than control at d 135 (P ? 0.05) but not at birth (P = 0.06). A maternal diet by day of gestation interaction indicated that at birth the body weight (BW) of RES offspring was less than CON and OVER (P ? 0.04) and heart girth of RES was smaller than CON and OVER (P ? 0.004). There was no interaction of maternal diet and day of gestation on crown-rump, fetal, or nose occipital length, or orbit or umbilical diam. (P ? 0.31). A main effect of maternal diet indicated that the RES crown-rump length was shorter than CON and OVER (P ? 0.05). An interaction was observed for liver, kidney and renal fat (P ? 0.02). At d 45 the liver of RES offspring was larger than CON and OVER (P ? 0.002), but no differences observed at d 90, 135 or birth (P ? 0.07). At d 45, the kidneys of OVER offspring were larger than CON and RES (P ? 0.04), but no differences observed at d 90, 135 or birth (P ? 0.60). At d 135, OVER had more perirenal fat than CON and RES (P ? 0.03), and at birth RES had more perirenal fat than CON and OVER (P ? 0.04). There was no interaction observed for offspring heart weight, length or width, kidney length, adrenal gland weight, loin eye area or rib width (P ? 0.09). In conclusion, poor maternal nutrition differentially alters offspring body size and organ growth depending on the stage of gestation.

SUBMITTER: Pillai SM

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7235467 | biostudies-literature | 2017 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Fetal and organ development at gestational days 45, 90, 135 and at birth of lambs exposed to under- or over-nutrition during gestation<sup>,</sup>.

Pillai S M SM Jones A K AK Hoffman M L ML McFadden K K KK Reed S A SA Zinn S A SA Govoni K E KE

Translational animal science 20170201 1

To determine the effects of poor maternal nutrition on offspring body and organ growth during gestation, pregnant Western White-faced ewes (n = 82) were randomly assigned into a 3 × 4 factorial treatment structure at d 30.2 ± 0.2 of gestation (n = 5 to 7 ewes per treatment). Ewes were individually fed 100% (control), 60% (restricted) or 140% (over) of NRC requirements for TDN. Ewes were euthanized at d 45, 90 or 135 of gestation or underwent parturition (birth) and tissues were collected from th ...[more]

PMID: 32704626

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Project description:Variations in placental efficiency (PE), a measure of grams of fetus produced per gram of placenta, were initially researched between swine breeds, where increased PE was associated with larger litters. Placental efficiency was also found to vary greatly within production herds and individual litters; however, the use of PE as a selection tool has been debated. Nonetheless, PE is an index of feto-placental adaptation and may help identify compensatory mechanisms that maintain fetal growth when placental size is reduced, potentially providing an opportunity to address production concerns like low birth weights and preweaning survival. Since the nutrient transport capacity of the placenta largely depends on vasculature and nutrient transporter abundance, the objectives of this experiment were to 1) determine the mRNA expression of genes encoding nutrient transporters in the placenta and adjacent endometrium, and 2) evaluate if a relationship existed between PE and vascular density and/or nutrient transporters. Gilts (n = 19) were ovario-hysterectomized on day 70, 90, or 110 of gestation to collect placental and adjacent endometrial samples. The mean litter size was 11.1. Placental efficiency increased (P < 0.0001) throughout the end of gestation, while the range of PE increased from day 70 to 90 and was reduced on day 110 (P < 0.0001). Placental efficiency and placental weight were negatively correlated throughout gestation (70 d, r = -0.83, P < 0.0001; 90 d, r = -0.81, P < 0.0001; 110 d, r = -0.44, P < 0.0007), but the negative correlation between PE and fetal weight was not maintained as gestation progressed (70 d, r = -0.58, P < 0.0001; 90 d, r = -0.36, P < 0.0005; 110 d, r = 0.09, P = 0.51). Based on conditional effects plots, variations in PE were associated with alterations in amino acid transporter expression in the placenta (SLC7A7, SLC3A1) and endometrium (SLC7A1) on day 70. On day 90, PE had a positive relationship with placental expression of a glucose transporter (SLC2A3), and on day 110 PE was positively related to placental vascular density. The results suggest utero-placental adaptations occur as a compensation for reduced placental size to meet the increasing nutrient demands of the growing fetus during late gestation in swine. Furthermore, nutrient requirements differ for individual feto-placental units on a given day; therefore, optimizing nutrient availability during late gestation may improve fetal growth and survival.

Project description:BackgroundTotal ankle replacement (TAR) utilization in the United States has steeply increased in recent decades. Emergency department (ED) visits following TAR impacts patient satisfaction and health care costs and warrant exploration.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study utilized the 2010 to 2019 M91Ortho PearlDiver data set to identify TAR patients with at least 90 days of follow-up. PearlDiver contains billing claims data across all sites of care throughout the United States for all indications for care. Patient factors extracted included age, sex, Elixhauser Comorbidity Index (ECI), region of the country in which surgery was performed, insurance plan, and postoperative hospital length of stay. Ninety-day postoperative ED visit incidence, timing, frequency, and primary diagnoses were identified and compared to 1-year postoperative ED visit baseline data. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine risk factors for ED visits.ResultsOf 5930 TAR patients identified, ED visits within 90 days were noted for 497 (8.4%) patients. Of all ED visits, 32.0% occurred within 2 weeks following surgery. Multivariate analysis revealed several predictors of ED utilization: younger age (odds ratio [OR] 1.35 per decade decrease), female sex (OR 1.20), higher ECI (OR 1.32 per 2-point increase), TAR performed in the western US (OR 1.34), and Medicaid coverage (OR 2.70; 1.71-4.22 relative to Medicare) (P < .05 each). Surgical site issues comprised 78.0% of ED visits, with surgical site pain (57.0%) as the most common problem.ConclusionOf 5930 TAR patients, 8.4% returned to the ED within 90 days of surgery, with predisposing demographic factors identified. The highest incidence of ED visits was in the first 2 postoperative weeks, and surgical site pain was the most common reason. Pain management pathways following TAR should be able to be adjusted to minimize the occurrence of postoperative ED visits, thereby improving patient experiences and decreasing health care utilization/costs.Level of evidenceLevel III, retrospective cohort study.

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Fetal and organ development at gestational days 45, 90, 135 and at birth of lambs exposed to under- or over-nutrition during gestation,.

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Fetal and organ development at gestational days 45, 90, 135 and at birth of lambs exposed to under- or over-nutrition during gestation<sup>,</sup>.

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