Dataset Information

Assessing Comorbidity of Diarrhea and Acute Respiratory Infections in Children Under 5 Years: Evidence From Kenya's Demographic Health Survey 2014.

ABSTRACT: Background: Kenya is one among the 15 countries that account for three-quarters of the global mortality burden due to diarrhea and respiratory tract infections (RTIs). Comorbidity of diarrhea and acute respiratory infection (ARI) can either be simultaneous (both occurring at the same time) or sequential (where the occurrence of one leads to the occurrence of the other. This study aimed to determine the shared risks that influence comorbidity of diarrhea and RTIs among Kenya's children younger than 5 years. Methods: The study entailed an analysis of secondary data from the Kenya Demographic Health Survey (DHS) 2014 using STATA Corp 2010. Descriptive analysis of independent variables and logistic regression model was used to analyze risk factors associated with comorbidity from diarrhea and ARI in children <5 years. Results: A total of 18 702 children <5 years were in the study out of whom 411 had comorbidity from diarrhea and ARI in the 2 weeks prior to the survey. Comorbidity peaked at 6 to 11 months (4.6%). Child's age between 6 and 11 months (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3.48, 95% CI = 2.02-5.99) and caregivers with incomplete primary education (aOR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.11-2.50) were associated with higher odds of comorbidity from diarrhea and ARI. The main determinants associated with lower odds of combined morbidity from diarrhea and ARI were high wealth quintile (aOR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.39-0.85) and older aged caregivers (aOR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.23-0.95). However, we found no association between nutritional status of a child, sex, residence, exclusive breastfeeding between 0 and 6 months, and combined morbidity from diarrhea and ARI. Conclusion: Programs aimed at reducing comorbidity should target children between 6 and 11 months and deliberate emphasis should be placed on addressing barriers to wealth and caregivers' education.

SUBMITTER: Mulatya DM

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7252376 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Jan-Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Assessing Comorbidity of Diarrhea and Acute Respiratory Infections in Children Under 5 Years: Evidence From Kenya's Demographic Health Survey 2014.

Mulatya Diana Mutuku DM Mutuku Faith Wayua FW

Journal of primary care & community health 20200101

<b>Background:</b> Kenya is one among the 15 countries that account for three-quarters of the global mortality burden due to diarrhea and respiratory tract infections (RTIs). Comorbidity of diarrhea and acute respiratory infection (ARI) can either be simultaneous (both occurring at the same time) or sequential (where the occurrence of one leads to the occurrence of the other. This study aimed to determine the shared risks that influence comorbidity of diarrhea and RTIs among Kenya's children you ...[more]

PMID: 32450734

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Project description:ObjectivesTo identify spatial disparities and demographic characteristics of short stature, we analysed the prevalence of short stature collected in a nationwide health survey.SettingsData were obtained from the 2014 Chinese National Survey on Students Constitution and Health (a cross-sectional study of China). Participants came from 30 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities (except Tibet, Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan).ParticipantsThere were 213 795 Han school children between 7 and 18 years old enrolled in our study. All participants were sampled by stratified cluster.Primary and secondary outcome measuresShort stature; Chinese and WHO age-specific and gender-specific height growth references were used for short stature assessment.ResultsThe age-standardised and age-gender-standardised prevalence of short stature nationwide was 3.70% and 2.69% according to Chinese and WHO growth references, respectively. The short stature prevalence differed significantly among age groups, urban and rural areas, and regions with different socioeconomic development levels (all p<0.0001). The prevalence was 2.23% in urban versus 5.12% in rural areas (p<0.001). The prevalence was 2.60% in developed, 3.72% in intermediately developed, and 4.69% in underdeveloped regions (p<0.0001). These values were all according to China's growth reference, but similar patterns were observed on prevalence based on the WHO reference. The spatial distribution of prevalence of short stature presented a clustered pattern. Moran's I value was 0.474 (p<0.001) and 0.478 (p<0.001) according to the Chinese and WHO growth references, respectively. The southwest part of China showed a higher prevalence of short stature, whereas lower prevalence of short stature was observed mainly in the northeast part of China.ConclusionsThere is an appreciably high prevalence of short stature in rural, underdeveloped areas of China. There are high prevalence spatial clusters of short stature in southwestern China. This provides corroborating evidence for a tailored strategy on short stature prevention and reduction in special areas.

Project description:Biogas plants (BGPs) produce methane and carbon dioxide through the anaerobic digestion of agricultural waste. Identification of strategies for more stable biogas plant operation and increased biogas yields require better knowledge about the individual degradation steps and the interactions within the microbial communities. The metaprotein profiles of ten agricultural BGPs and one laboratory reactor were investigated using a metaproteomics pipeline. Fractionation of samples using SDS-PAGE was combined with a high resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometer, metagenome sequences specific for BGPs, and the MetaProteomeAnalyzer software. This enabled us to achieve a high coverage of the metaproteome of the BGP microbial communities. The investigation revealed approx. 17,000 protein groups (metaproteins), covering the majority of the expected metabolic networks of the biogas process such as hydrolysis, transport, fermentation processes, amino acid metabolism, methanogenesis and bacterial C1-metabolism. Biological functions could be linked with the taxonomic composition. Two different types of BGPs were classified by the abundance of the acetoclastic methanogenesis and by abundance of enzymes implicating syntrophic acetate oxidation. Linking of the identified metaproteins with the process steps of the Anaerobic Digestion Model 1 proved the main model assumptions but indicated also some improvements such as considering syntrophic acetate oxidation. Beside the syntrophic interactions, the microbial communities in BGPs are also shaped by competition for substrates and host-phage interactions causing cell lysis. In particular, larger amounts of Bacteriophages for the bacterial families Bacillaceae, Enterobacteriaceae and Clostridiaceae, exceeding the cell number of the Bacteria by approximately four-fold. In contrast, less Bacteriophages were found for Archaea, but more CRISPR proteins were detected. On the one hand, the virus induced turnover of biomass might cause slow degradation of complex biomass in BGP. On the other hand, the lysis of bacterial cells allows cycling of essential nutrients.

Project description:BACKGROUND:Intestinal parasites such as Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica can cause severe diarrhea, especially among children in developing countries. This study aims to determine the frequency of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica in children with diarrhea and identify risk factors for infection. METHODOLOGY:We conducted a cross-sectional study in children aged 0-168 months hospitalized with diarrhea in three regions of Mozambique, from June 2014 to January 2018. Following consent, caretakers were interviewed and a single stool specimen was collected from each child to diagnose Cryptosporidium spp., G. lamblia and E. histolytica using commercial immune-enzymatic assay (TechLab, Inc, Blacksburg, VA, USA). Anthropometric data were collected from the clinical reports. Multivariable logistic regression models were built to identify risk factors for Cryptosporidium spp. and G. lamblia infection. RESULTS:Twenty-one percent of all specimens (212/1008) presented at least one parasitic infection. Cryptosporidium spp. infection was the most common 12.0% (118/985), followed by G. lamblia 9.7% (95/983) and E. histolytica 2.0% (20/1004). Risk factors for infection by Cryptosporidium spp. were: provenience (children from Nampula province showed the highest risk, OR: 8.176; CI: 1.916-34.894; p-value < 0.01); animal contact (children with animal contact had a protective effect OR: 0.627; CI: 0.398-0.986; p-value < 0.05); underweight (children severely underweight showed a risk of 2.309; CI: 1.310-4.069; p-value < 0.05). Risk factors for infection by G. lamblia were: age (group with highest risk, 60-168 months (OR: 2.322; CI: 1.000-5.393, p-value > 0.05)); and living in a household with five or more members (OR: 2.141; CI: 1.286-3.565, p-value < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS:Parasitic infection is common among children with diarrhea. Routine testing, standard treatment, and assessment for risk exposure of children with diarrhea should be implemented at health facilities in Mozambique.

Dataset Information

Assessing Comorbidity of Diarrhea and Acute Respiratory Infections in Children Under 5 Years: Evidence From Kenya's Demographic Health Survey 2014.

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Assessing Comorbidity of Diarrhea and Acute Respiratory Infections in Children Under 5 Years: Evidence From Kenya's Demographic Health Survey 2014.

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