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Facial nerve paralysis in 64 equids: Clinical variables, diagnosis, and outcome.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:Facial nerve paralysis (FNP) in equids is not well described in the veterinary literature. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the causes of FNP and associations among clinical variables, diagnosis, and outcome. ANIMALS:Sixty-four equids presenting with FNP between July 2000 and April 2019. Cases of postanesthetic FNP were excluded. METHODS:Medical records were retrospectively reviewed. Variables were evaluated for associations with outcomes (diagnosis and case outcome) using logistic regression. RESULTS:The most common cause of FNP was trauma (n = 20). Additional diagnoses included central nervous system (CNS) disease (n = 16), idiopathic (n = 12, 4 of which had adequate diagnostic investigation and were considered "true" idiopathic, and 8 of which were considered "not investigated" idiopathic), temporohyoid osteoarthropathy (n = 10), otitis media-interna (n = 3), lymphoma (n = 1), iatrogenic as a consequence of infiltration of local anesthetic (n = 1), and clostridial myositis (n = 1). Follow-up was available for 55 (86%) cases. Twenty-nine (53%) equids had full resolution of FNP, 14 (25%) were euthanized, 6 (11%) partially improved, and 6 (11%) were unchanged or worse. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE:If FNP is the consequence of CNS disease, successful treatment of the primary disease likely leads to resolution of FNP. Most cases of FNP in equids are traumatic in origin. True idiopathic cases are uncommon.

SUBMITTER: Boorman S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7255662 | biostudies-literature | 2020 May

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Facial nerve paralysis in 64 equids: Clinical variables, diagnosis, and outcome.

Boorman Sophie S Scherrer Nicole M NM Stefanovski Darko D Johnson Amy L AL

Journal of veterinary internal medicine 20200406 3

<h4>Background</h4>Facial nerve paralysis (FNP) in equids is not well described in the veterinary literature.<h4>Objective</h4>To investigate the causes of FNP and associations among clinical variables, diagnosis, and outcome.<h4>Animals</h4>Sixty-four equids presenting with FNP between July 2000 and April 2019. Cases of postanesthetic FNP were excluded.<h4>Methods</h4>Medical records were retrospectively reviewed. Variables were evaluated for associations with outcomes (diagnosis and case outco ...[more]

PMID: 32249997

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Project description:Current recommendations envisage early surgical exploration for complete facial nerve paralysis associated with temporal bone fracture and unfavorable electrophysiologic features (response to electroneuronography, <5%). However, the evidence base for such a practice is weak, with the potential for spontaneous improvement being unknown, and the expected results from alternative nonsurgical treatment also undefined.To document the results of nonsurgical treatment for posttraumatic complete facial paralysis with undisplaced temporal bone fracture and unfavorable electrophysiologic features.Prospective cohort study recruiting from April 2010 to April 2013 at a tertiary care university hospital. Follow-up continued until 9 months or until complete recovery if earlier. Study group included 28 patients with head injury-associated complete unilateral facial nerve paralysis with unfavorable results of electroneuronography (<5% response) with or without undisplaced temporal bone fracture. Undisplaced temporal bone fractures were documented in 26 patients (24 longitudinal fractures and 2 transverse fractures).Patients received prednisolone, 1 mg/kg, for 3 weeks combined with clinical monitoring every 2 weeks and electromyography monitoring every 4 weeks. As per study protocol, surgical exploration was limited to patients demonstrating motor end plate degeneration on results of electromyography, or having no improvement until 18 weeks.Facial nerve function was evaluated by the House-Brackmann grading system; Forehead, Eye, Mouth, and Associated defect grading system; and the modified Adour system. Observations were completed at 40 weeks.Among the 28 patients in the study (3 women and 25 men; mean [SD] age, 32.2 [8.7] years), facial nerve recovery with conservative treatment alone was noted in all patients. No recovery was seen in any patient at the initial 4-week review. The first signs of clinical recovery were noted in 4 patients by 8 weeks, in 27 patients by 12 weeks, and in all patients by 20 weeks. No patient required surgical exploration. At 40 weeks, 27 patients recovered to House-Brackmann grade I/II and 1 patient to grade III. All 24 patients with longitudinal fractures had grade I/II recovery.For undisplaced temporal bone fractures, nonsurgical treatment leads to near-universal recovery to House-Brackmann grade I/II and is superior to reported surgical results. Recovery is delayed and usually first manifests at 8 to 12 weeks after the fracture. In the current era of high-resolution computed tomography, surgical exploration should not be first-line treatment for undisplaced longitudingal temporal bone fractures associated with complete facial nerve paralysis and unfavorable electrophysiologic features.

Project description:Importance:A review of the role of masseteric nerve transfer is needed to guide its use in facial reanimation. Objective:To systematically review the available literature, and, when applicable, analyze the combined outcomes of masseteric nerve transfer to better define its role in reanimation and to guide further research. Data Sources:Two independent researchers conducted the review using PubMed-NCBI and Scopus literature databases for studies on masseteric nerve transfer for facial nerve paralysis. Study Selection:Studies that examined masseter nerve transfer with additional cranial nerve transposition/coaptation or muscle flap were excluded. Data Extraction and Synthesis:Literature review and data extraction followed established PRISMA guidelines. Two researchers extracted data independently. Main Outcomes and Measures:The main planned outcomes for the study were quantitative results of facial nerve movement after nerve transfer including oral commissure movement and time to nerve recovery. Results:A total of 13 articles met inclusion criteria with a total of 183 patients undergoing masseteric nerve transfer. From those studies, there were a total of 183 patients who underwent masseteric nerve transfer. There were 85 men and 98 women with a mean (SD) age of 43 (12.2) years and mean (SD) follow up examination after surgery of 22 (7.6) months. Mean (SD) duration of nerve paralysis was 14 (6) months. Most common cause of paralysis was cerebellopontine angle tumors (81%). Six studies coapted the masseteric nerve to the main facial nerve trunk, whereas 7 used distal branches (buccal or zygomatic). Four studies used interposition nerve grafts with great auricular nerve. Two measures, improvement in oral commissure excursion and length from reanimation to facial movement, were measured consistently across the studies. Pooled analysis showed time from surgery to first facial movement, described in 10 studies, to be 4.95 months (95% CI, 3.66 to 6.24). Distal branch coaptation improved time to recovery vs main branch coaptation, 3.76 vs 5.76 months (95% CI, -0.33 to 4.32), but mean difference was not significant. The use of interposition graft significantly delayed time of nerve recovery, 6.24 vs 4.06 months (95% CI, 0.20 to 4.16). When controlled for main trunk coaptation only, interposition nerve graft delayed recovery but difference was no longer statistically significant, 6.24 vs 4.75 months (95% CI, -0.94 to 3.92). Reported complications were minor and rare occurring in only 6.5% (12 of 183) of patients. Conclusions and Relevance:The masseteric nerve was found to be a good option for nerve transfer in this patient population, and showed favorable results in both time to nerve recovery and improvement in oral commissure excursion. Level of Evidence:NA.

Project description:ObjectiveFunctional deficits induced by nerve injuries can be restored by achieving effective reinnervation of the denervated targets and functional reorganization of the central nervous system after nerve reconstruction. In this study, we investigated the effect and extent of cortical functional reorganization related to the ability of transferred hypoglossal neurons to restore facial function in facial paralysis patients after a surgical bridge of neurorrhaphy ectopically between the ipsilateral hypoglossal nerve and injured facial nerve.MethodsWe treated 23 patients (35.4 ± 10.3 years, 10 males) and followed them up for 2.9 ± 0.61 years. We used motor-task-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to map activation change at multiple time points before and after neurorrhaphy; 20 normal subjects were included as control.ResultsAll patients regained facial function to some extent after neurorrhaphy. Enhanced activation in motor-related cortices gradually returned to normal levels and was positively correlated with regained facial function. The related cortical functional areas included the left middle temporal gyrus, left inferior frontal gyrus, insula, bilateral motor cortex and the supplementary motor area extending to the paracingulate involved in intensive eye closing, as well as the left superior temporal gyrus, right putamen and the bilateral motor cortex involved in lip pursing. Intriguingly, significant correlations were found between the pre-surgery activation while intensive eye closing in bilateral motor cortex and recovery of facial nerve function induced by the neurorrhaphy treatment.ConclusionThis is the first study mapping activation change in motor cortices at multiple time points before and after repair of the facial nerve. The cortex functional reorganization found may suggest potential treatment targets in the central nervous system for adjuvant therapies such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to further improve functional recovery.

Dataset Information

Facial nerve paralysis in 64 equids: Clinical variables, diagnosis, and outcome.

Publications

Facial nerve paralysis in 64 equids: Clinical variables, diagnosis, and outcome.

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