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A Whole-Grain Diet Improves Whole-Body Protein Turnover Compared to a Macronutrient-Matched Refined-Grain Diet in Adults with Overweight/Obesity

ABSTRACT: Abstract Objectives We investigated the effect of consuming a whole-grain diet on whole-body protein metabolism compared to a macronutrient-matched refined-grain diet in adults with overweight/obesity using labelled amino acids (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01411540). Methods We conducted a randomized, controlled crossover trial in 14 adults with overweight/obesity (age: 40 ± 7 yrs, BMI: 33 ± 5 kg/m2) in which isocaloric, macronutrient-matched whole-grain (WG) and refined-grain (RG) diets were fully provided for two 8-week periods (with a 10-week washout period). Diets differed only in the inclusion of whole grains (50 g/1000 kcal). Body composition was measured via DEXA. Whole-body protein kinetics were assessed before and after each diet in the fasted state (13C-Leucine, primed, constant infusion) and over 24 hours (15N-Glycine, bolus). Protein kinetics were normalized to fat-free mass (FFM). Results Both diets resulted in mild weight loss (WG: ?2.0 ± 2.5 kg; RG: ?2.9 ± 3.3 kg; both P = 0.01 compared to baseline). Fasted-state leucine kinetics revealed greater protein synthesis (WG: 205 ± 61 µmol/kgFFM/hr; RG: 178 ± 36 µmol/kgFFM/hr; P = 0.04) and protein breakdown (WG: 235 ± 68 µmol/kgFFM/hr; RG: 203 ± 40 µmol/kgFFM/hr, P = 0.03) on a WG vs RG diet. This resulted in a more negative fasted-state net balance on a WG diet (WG: ?30 ± 8 µmol/kg/hr; RG: ?25 ± 6 µmol/kg/hr, P = 0.02). In contrast, 24-hour whole-body protein turnover measured by the end-product method (15N-Glycine), revealed greater protein synthesis (WG: 316 ± 135 mg protein/kgFFM/hr; RG: 250 ± 94 mg protein/kgFFM/hr) with no difference in protein breakdown, yielding a more positive 24-hr net balance on a WG diet (WG: 31 ± 21 mg protein/kgFFM/hr; RG: 10 ± 34 mg protein/kgFFM/hr). Conclusions A whole-grain diet increases whole-body leucine flux and results in a greater 24-hr net protein balance in adults with overweight/obesity compared to a refined-grain diet. This trial suggests whole-grains have an independent effect on protein metabolism and may benefit adults with overweight/obesity. Funding Sources This research was supported by the NIH (UL1 RR024989, T32DK007319 (JPK); T32AT004094 (JTM – trainee)) and an investigator-initiated grant from Nestle (JPK). Nestle Product Technology Center and Cereal Partners Worldwide provided the study meals and foods.

SUBMITTER: Mey J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7258952 | biostudies-literature | 2020 May

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:BackgroundThere are limited data from randomized control trials to support or refute the contention that whole-grains can enhance protein metabolism in humans.ObjectivesTo examine: 1) the clinical effects of a whole-grain diet on whole-body protein turnover; 2) the cellular effects of whole-grains on protein synthesis in skeletal muscle cells; and 3) the population effects of whole-grain intake on age-related muscle loss.MethodsAdults with overweight/obesity (n = 14; age = 40 ± 7 y; BMI = 33 ± 5 kg/m2) were recruited into a crossover, randomized controlled trial (NCT01411540) in which isocaloric, macronutrient-matched whole-grain and refined-grain diets were fully provisioned for two 8-wk periods. Diets differed only in the presence of whole-grains (50 g/1000 kcal). Whole-body protein kinetics were assessed at baseline and after each diet in the fasted-state (13C-leucine) and integrated over 24 h (15N-glycine). In vitro studies using C2C12 cells assessed global protein synthesis by surface sensing of translation and anabolic signaling by Western blot. Complementary epidemiological assessments using the NHANES database assessed the effect of whole-grain intake on muscle function assessed by gait speed in older adults (n = 2783).ResultsIntegrated 24-h net protein balance was 3-fold higher on a whole-grain diet compared with a refined-grain diet (P = 0.04). A whole-grain wheat extract increased submaximal rates of global protein synthesis (27%, P < 0.05) in vitro. In a large sample of older adults, whole-grain intake was associated with greater muscle function (OR = 0.92; 95% CI: 0.86, 0.98).ConclusionsConsuming 50 g/1000 kcal whole-grains per day promotes greater protein turnover and enhances net protein balance in adults. Whole-grains impact skeletal muscle at the cellular level, and are associated with greater muscle function in older adults. Collectively, these data point to a new mechanism whereby whole-grain consumption favorably enhances protein turnover and improves health outcomes.This clinical trial is registered on clinicaltrials.gov (identifier: NCT01411540).

Project description:Increased dietary whole-grain intake may protect against cardiovascular disease (CVD).The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of whole grains compared with refined grains on body composition, hypertension, and related mediators of CVD in overweight and obese adults.We conducted a double-blind, randomized, controlled crossover trial in 40 overweight or obese men and women aged <50 y with no known history of CVD. Complete whole-grain and refined-grain diets were provided for two 8-wk periods, with a 10-wk washout between diets. Macronutrient composition was matched, except for the inclusion of either whole grains or refined grains (50 g/1000 kcal in each diet). Measurements included blood pressure, body composition, blood lipids and adiponectin, and markers of inflammation and glycemia.Thirty-three participants (6 men and 27 women) completed the trial [mean ± SD age: 39 ± 7 y; mean ± SD body mass index (in kg/m2): 33.1 ± 4.3]. Decreases in diastolic blood pressure were -5.8 mm Hg (95% CI: -7.7, -4.0 mm Hg) after the whole-grain diet and -1.6 mm Hg (95% CI: -4.4, 1.3 mm Hg) after the control diet (between effect, P = 0.01). Decreases in plasma adiponectin were -0.1 (95% CI: -0.9, 0.7) after the whole-grain diet and -1.4 (95% CI: -2.6, -0.3) after the control diet (between effect, P = 0.05). Decreases in diastolic blood pressure correlated with the circulating adiponectin concentration (r = 0.35, P = 0.04). Substantial reductions in body weight, fat loss, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol were observed during both diet periods, with no relevant difference between them.The improvement in diastolic blood pressure was >3-fold greater in overweight and obese adults when they consumed a whole-grain compared with a refined-grain diet. Because diastolic blood pressure predicts mortality in adults aged <50 y, increased whole-grain intake may provide a functional approach to control hypertension. This may benefit patients at risk of vascular-related morbidity and mortality. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01411540.

Project description:BackgroundGreater whole grain (WG) consumption is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD); however, few prospective studies have examined WG or refined grain (RG) intake and intermediate cardiometabolic risk factors.ObjectivesWe examined the longitudinal association between WG and RG intake on changes in waist circumference (WC); fasting HDL cholesterol, triglyceride, and glucose concentrations; and blood pressure.MethodsSubjects were participants in the Framingham Offspring cohort study [n = 3121; mean ± SD baseline age: 54.9 ± 0.2 y; BMI (kg/m2) 27.2 ± 0.1]. FFQ, health, and lifestyle data were collected approximately every 4 y over a median 18-y follow-up. Repeated measure mixed models were used to estimate adjusted mean changes per 4-y interval in risk factors across increasing categories of WG or RG intake.ResultsGreater WG intake was associated with smaller increases in WC (1.4 ± 0.2 compared with 3.0 ± 0.1 cm in the highest compared with the lowest category, respectively; P-trend < 0.001), fasting glucose concentration (0.7 ± 0.4 compared with 2.6 ± 0.2 mg/dL; P-trend < 0.001), and systolic blood pressure (SBP; 0.2 ± 0.5 compared with 1.4 ± 0.3 mm Hg; P-trend < 0.001) per 4-y interval. When stratified by sex, a stronger association with WC was observed among females than males. Higher intake of WG was associated with greater increases in HDL cholesterol and declines in triglyceride concentrations; however, these differences did not remain significant after adjustment for change in WC. Conversely, greater RG intake was associated with greater increases in WC (2.7 ± 0.2 compared with 1.8 ± 0.1 cm, P-trend < 0.001) and less decline in triglyceride concentration (-0.3 ± 1.3 compared with -7.0 ± 0.7 mg/dL, P-trend < 0.001).ConclusionsAmong middle- to older-age adults, replacing RG with WG may be an effective dietary modification to attenuate abdominal adiposity, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia over time, thereby reducing the risk of cardiometabolic diseases.

Project description:BackgroundWhole grain wheat (WGW) products are advocated as a healthy choice when compared with refined wheat (RW). One proposed mechanism for these health benefits is via the microbiota, because WGW contains multiple fibers. WGW consumption has been proposed to ameliorate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, in which microbiota might play a role.ObjectivesWe investigated the effect of WGW compared with RW intervention on the fecal microbiota composition and functionality, and correlated intervention-induced changes in bacteria with changes in liver health parameters in adults with overweight or obesity.MethodsWe used data of a 12-wk double-blind, randomized, controlled, parallel trial to examine the effects of a WGW (98 g/d) or RW (98 g/d) intervention on the secondary outcomes fecal microbiota composition, predicted microbiota functionality, and stool consistency in 37 women and men (aged 45-70 y, BMI 25-35 kg/m2). The changes in microbiota composition, measured using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing, after a 12-wk intervention were analyzed with nonparametric tests, and correlated with changes in liver fat and circulating concentrations of liver enzymes including alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, γ-glutamyltransferase, and serum amyloid A.ResultsThe WGW intervention increased the mean (± SD) relative abundances of Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014 (baseline: 2.2 ± 4.6%, differential change over time (Δ) 0.51 ± 4.2%), Ruminiclostridium_9 (baseline: 0.065 ± 0.11%, Δ 0.054 ± 0.14%), and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group (baseline: 0.37 ± 0.56%, Δ 0.17 ± 0.83%), and also the predicted pathway acetyl-CoA fermentation to butyrate II (baseline: 0.23 ± 0.062%, Δ 0.035 ± 0.059%), compared with the RW intervention (P values <0.05). A change in Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group was positively correlated with the change in liver fat, in both the WGW (ρ = 0.54; P = 0.026) and RW (ρ = 0.67; P = 0.024) groups.ConclusionsIn middle-aged overweight and obese adults, a 12-wk WGW intervention increased the relative abundance of a number of bacterial taxa from the family Ruminococcaceae and increased predicted fermentation pathways when compared with an RW intervention. Potential protective health effects of replacement of RW by WGW on metabolic organs, such as the liver, via modulation of the microbiota, deserve further investigation.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02385149.

Project description:Background and aims: Youth populations with overweight/obesity (OW/OB) exhibit heterogeneity in cardiometabolic health phenotypes (e.g. fasting glucose, serum triglycerides, etc.). The underling mechanisms for those differences are still unclear. This study aimed to analyze the whole blood transcriptome profile (RNA-seq) of children with metabolic healthy overweight/obesity (MHO) and metabolic unhealthy overweight/obesity (MUO) phenotypes. Methods: 27 children with OW/OB (10.14 ± 1.3 years, 59% boys) from the ActiveBrains project were included. MHO was defined as having none of the following criteria for metabolic syndrome: elevated fasting glucose, high serum triglycerides, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high systolic or diastolic blood pressure, while MUO was defined as presenting one or more of these criteria. Inflammatory markers interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF) were additionally determined. Total-blood RNA was analyzed by 5’-end RNA sequencing. Two different bioinformatics approaches were performed: 1) Differential gene expression analyses using Limma R/Bioconductor software package (analyses adjusted by sex and maturational status) and 2) weighted gene coexpression network analyses (WGCNA). Results: Children with MHO had lower values of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 compared to MUO (p < 0.05). 40 genes were differentially expressed (FDR < 0.05) in children with MHO compared to MUO. WGCNA analysis identified 23 gene coexpression modules (i.e. clusters of genes) with low preservation (Zsummary < 2) in children with MHO compared to MUO. Differential and WGCNA gene expression patterns identified 32 genes linked to metabolism, mitochondrial and immune functions. Conclusions: Whole blood transcriptome analysis revealed a distinct pattern of gene expression in children with MHO compared to MUO children. The identified gene expression patterns related to metabolism, mitochondrial and immune functions can promote a better understanding of cardiovascular disease prognosis in individuals with MHO.

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A Whole-Grain Diet Improves Whole-Body Protein Turnover Compared to a Macronutrient-Matched Refined-Grain Diet in Adults with Overweight/Obesity

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