Dataset Information

Elevated body mass index during pregnancy and gestational weight gain in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women in Cape Town, South Africa: association with adverse birth outcomes.

ABSTRACT: OBJECTIVES:To examine the association between maternal body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) and adverse birth outcomes in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women. METHODS:In an urban South African community, 2921 consecutive HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected pregnant women attending primary healthcare services were assessed at their first antenatal visit. A subset of HIV-infected women enrolled in a longitudinal study was assessed three times during pregnancy. All women had birth outcome data from medical records and study questionnaires. In analyses, the associations between BMI, GWG, maternal factors and adverse birth outcomes were assessed with logistic regression models. RESULTS:The estimated pre-pregnancy BMI median was 29 kg/m2 (IQR, 24-34) overall, 29 kg/m2 (IQR, 24-34) for HIV-uninfected and 28 kg/m2 (IQR, 24-34) for HIV-infected women; HIV prevalence was 38%. In adjusted models, increased BMI in the overall cohort was positively associated with age, haemoglobin and parity at first antenatal visit. Maternal obesity was associated with increased likelihood of having high birthweight (aOR 2.54, 95% CI 1.39-4.66) and large size for gestational age (aOR 1.66, 95% CI 1.20-2.31) infants. In the subset cohort, GWG was associated with increased likelihood of spontaneous preterm delivery (aOR 4.35, 95% CI 1.55-12.21) and high birthweight (aOR 3.00, 95% CI 1.22-7.34) infants. CONCLUSION:Obesity during pregnancy is prevalent in this setting and appears associated with increased risk of adverse birth outcomes in both HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women. Weight management interventions targeting women of child-bearing age are needed to promote healthy pregnancies and reduce adverse birth outcomes.

SUBMITTER: Madlala HP

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7269797 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Elevated body mass index during pregnancy and gestational weight gain in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women in Cape Town, South Africa: association with adverse birth outcomes.

Madlala Hlengiwe P HP Malaba Thokozile R TR Newell Marie-Louise ML Myer Landon L

Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH 20200323 6

<h4>Objectives</h4>To examine the association between maternal body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) and adverse birth outcomes in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women.<h4>Methods</h4>In an urban South African community, 2921 consecutive HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected pregnant women attending primary healthcare services were assessed at their first antenatal visit. A subset of HIV-infected women enrolled in a longitudinal study was assessed three times during pregnancy. All w ...[more]

PMID: 32133728

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Project description:OBJECTIVE:Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) is a sexually transmitted organism associated with cervicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease in women and has been shown to increase the risk of HIV acquisition and transmission. Little is known about the prevalence and incidence of MG in pregnant women. Our study sought to evaluate the prevalence and incidence of MG infection in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected pregnant women. METHODS:We conducted a cohort study of 197 women ?18 years receiving antenatal care in South Africa from November 2017 to February 2019. We over-recruited HIV-infected pregnant women to compare MG by HIV infection status. Self-collected vaginal swabs, performed at the first antenatal visit, third trimester and within 1?week post partum, were tested for MG using the Aptima assay (Hologic, USA). We report on the prevalence and incidence of MG and used multivariable logistic regression to describe correlates of MG and adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes (preterm delivery, miscarriage and vertical HIV transmission), adjusting for maternal age and HIV infection status. RESULTS:At first antenatal visit, the median age was 29 years (IQR=24-34) and the gestational age was 19 weeks (IQR=14-23); 47% of women enrolled in the study were HIV-infected. MG prevalence was 24% (95% CI 16% to 34%, n=22) in HIV-infected and 12% (95% CI 6.8% to 20%, n=13) in HIV-uninfected pregnant women. MG incidence during pregnancy and early post partum was 4.7 infections per 100 woman-years (95% CI 1.2 to 12.9) or 3.9 per 1000 woman-months (95% CI 1.0 to 10.7). Adjusting for maternal age, HIV-infected women had over three times the odds of being infected with MG (adjusted OR=3.09, 95% CI 1.36 to 7.06). CONCLUSION:We found a high prevalence and incidence of MG in pregnant women. Younger maternal age and HIV infection were associated with MG infection in pregnancy. Further research into birth outcomes of women infected with MG, including vertical transmission of HIV infection, is needed.

Project description:BackgroundDespite the overall reduction in the HIV mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) rate in South Africa, poor adherence and retention in care during breastfeeding contribute to this period being a major driver of MTCT in South Africa. To improve this retention, postnatal clubs were created as an integrated, differentiated model of care providing psychosocial support and comprehensive care for the mother-infant pairs (MIP), including HIV and under-5-child services. We describe the implementation of these facility-based clubs and examine its health outcomes in a peri-urban primary health care setting in Cape Town, South Africa.MethodsIn this prospective cohort study, conducted between June 2016 and December 2019, MIPs were recruited into postnatal clubs between 6 weeks and 6 months of age and followed-up until 18 months of age. Outcomes including maternal Viral Load (VL), and children's HIV testing were compared to a historical control group. Children's immunizations and maternal sexual and reproductive health outcomes are also described.ResultsDuring the implementation of the postnatal club study period, 484 MIP were recruited with 84% overall attendance, 95% overall viral load suppression, and 98% overall uptake of HIV infant testing. Compared to historical controls, the club infant rapid test uptake was 1.6 times higher (95% CI: 1.4-1.9) at 9 months and 2.0 times higher at 18 months (95% CI: 1.6-2.6). Through 12 months and between 12-18 months, maternal VL monitoring was higher in the club group compared to the historical control by 1.5 times (95% CI: 1.3-1.6) and 2.6 times (95% CI: 2.1-3.2), respectively, with similar maternal VL suppression. Of 105 infants attending the 12 months visit, 99% were fully vaccinated by one year.ConclusionMIP in the postnatal clubs showed better PMTCT outcomes than historical controls with high levels of retention in care. Other outcomes such as immunisation results suggest that integration of services, such as in the postnatal club, is feasible and beneficial for MIPs.

Project description:BackgroundMobile HIV screening may facilitate early HIV diagnosis. Our objective was to examine the cost-effectiveness of adding a mobile screening unit to current medical facility-based HIV testing in Cape Town, South Africa.Methods and findingsWe used the Cost Effectiveness of Preventing AIDS Complications International (CEPAC-I) computer simulation model to evaluate two HIV screening strategies in Cape Town: 1) medical facility-based testing (the current standard of care) and 2) addition of a mobile HIV-testing unit intervention in the same community. Baseline input parameters were derived from a Cape Town-based mobile unit that tested 18,870 individuals over 2 years: prevalence of previously undiagnosed HIV (6.6%), mean CD4 count at diagnosis (males 423/µL, females 516/µL), CD4 count-dependent linkage to care rates (males 31%-58%, females 49%-58%), mobile unit intervention cost (includes acquisition, operation and HIV test costs, $29.30 per negative result and $31.30 per positive result). We conducted extensive sensitivity analyses to evaluate input uncertainty. Model outcomes included site of HIV diagnosis, life expectancy, medical costs, and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of the intervention compared to medical facility-based testing. We considered the intervention to be "very cost-effective" when the ICER was less than South Africa's annual per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ($8,200 in 2012). We projected that, with medical facility-based testing, the discounted (undiscounted) HIV-infected population life expectancy was 132.2 (197.7) months; this increased to 140.7 (211.7) months with the addition of the mobile unit. The ICER for the mobile unit was $2,400/year of life saved (YLS). Results were most sensitive to the previously undiagnosed HIV prevalence, linkage to care rates, and frequency of HIV testing at medical facilities.ConclusionThe addition of mobile HIV screening to current testing programs can improve survival and be very cost-effective in South Africa and other resource-limited settings, and should be a priority.

Project description:OBJECTIVE:HIV-positive women are known to be at high-risk of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and its associated cervical pathology. Here, we describe the prevalence and distribution of HPV genotypes among HIV-positive and -negative women in South Africa, with and without cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). METHODS:We report data on 1,371 HIV-positive women and 8,050 HIV-negative women, aged 17-65?years, recruited into three sequential studies in Cape Town, South Africa, conducted among women who had no history of cervical cancer screening recruited from the general population. All women were tested for HIV. Cervical samples were tested for high-risk HPV DNA (Hybrid Capture 2) with positive samples tested to determine the specific genotype (Line Blot). CIN status was determined based on colposcopy and biopsy. RESULTS:The HPV prevalence was higher among HIV-positive women (52.4%) than among HIV-negative women (20.8%) overall and in all age groups. Younger women, aged 17-19?years, had the highest HPV prevalence regardless of HIV status. HIV-positive women were more likely to have CIN 2 or 3 than HIV-negative women. HPV 16, 35, and 58 were the most common high-risk HPV types with no major differences in the type distribution by HIV status. HPV 18 was more common in older HIV-positive women (40-65?years) with no or low grade disease, but less common in younger women (17-29?years) with CIN 2 or 3 compared to HIV-negative counterparts (p?<?0.03). Infections with multiple high-risk HPV types were more common in HIV-positive than HIV-negative women, controlling for age and cervical disease status. CONCLUSION:HIV-positive women were more likely to have high-risk HPV than HIV-negative women; but, among those with HPV, the distribution of HPV types was similar by HIV status. Screening strategies incorporating HPV genotyping and vaccination should be effective in preventing cervical cancer in both HIV-positive and -negative women living in sub-Saharan Africa.

Dataset Information

Elevated body mass index during pregnancy and gestational weight gain in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women in Cape Town, South Africa: association with adverse birth outcomes.

Publications

Elevated body mass index during pregnancy and gestational weight gain in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women in Cape Town, South Africa: association with adverse birth outcomes.

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