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Anoxic cell rupture of Prevotella bryantii by high-pressure homogenization protects the Na+-translocating NADH:quinone oxidoreductase from oxidative damage.

ABSTRACT: Respiratory NADH oxidation in the rumen bacterium Prevotella bryantii is catalyzed by the Na+-translocating NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (NQR). A method for cell disruption and membrane isolation of P. bryantii under anoxic conditions using the EmulisFlex-C3 homogenizer is described. We compared NQR activity and protein yield after oxic and anoxic cell disruption by the EmulsiFlex, by ultrasonication, and by glass beads treatment. With an overall membrane protein yield of 50 mg L-1 culture and a NADH oxidation activity of 0.8 µmol min-1 mg-1, the EmulsiFlex was the most efficient method. Anoxic preparation yielded fourfold higher NQR activity compared to oxic preparation. P. bryantii lacks genes coding for superoxide dismutases and cell extracts do not exhibit superoxide dismutase activity. We propose that inactivation of NQR during oxic cell rupture is caused by superoxide, which accumulates in P. bryantii extracts exposed to air. Anoxic cell rupture is indispensable for the preparation of redox-active proteins and enzymes such as NQR from P. bryantii.

SUBMITTER: Schleicher L

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7283201 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Anoxic cell rupture of Prevotella bryantii by high-pressure homogenization protects the Na+-translocating NADH:quinone oxidoreductase from oxidative damage.

Schleicher Lena L Fritz Günter G Seifert Jana J Steuber Julia J

Archives of microbiology 20200118 5

Respiratory NADH oxidation in the rumen bacterium Prevotella bryantii is catalyzed by the Na+-translocating NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (NQR). A method for cell disruption and membrane isolation of P. bryantii under anoxic conditions using the EmulisFlex-C3 homogenizer is described. We compared NQR activity and protein yield after oxic and anoxic cell disruption by the EmulsiFlex, by ultrasonication, and by glass beads treatment. With an overall membrane protein yield of 50 mg L- ...[more]

PMID: 31955240

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Project description:UnlabelledNa(+)-translocating NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (Na(+)-NQR) catalyzes electron transfer from NADH to ubiquinone in the bacterial respiratory chain, coupled with Na(+) translocation across the membrane. Na(+)-NQR maturation involves covalent attachment of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) residues, catalyzed by flavin transferase encoded by the nqr-associated apbE gene. Analysis of complete bacterial genomes has revealed another putative gene (duf539, here renamed nqrM) that usually follows the apbE gene and is present only in Na(+)-NQR-containing bacteria. Expression of the Vibrio harveyi nqr operon alone or with the associated apbE gene in Escherichia coli, which lacks its own Na(+)-NQR, resulted in an enzyme incapable of Na(+)-dependent NADH or reduced nicotinamide hypoxanthine dinucleotide (dNADH) oxidation. However, fully functional Na(+)-NQR was restored when these genes were coexpressed with the V. harveyi nqrM gene. Furthermore, nqrM lesions in Klebsiella pneumoniae and V. harveyi prevented production of functional Na(+)-NQR, which could be recovered by an nqrM-containing plasmid. The Na(+)-NQR complex isolated from the nqrM-deficient strain of V. harveyi lacks several subunits, indicating that nqrM is necessary for Na(+)-NQR assembly. The protein product of the nqrM gene, NqrM, contains a single putative transmembrane α-helix and four conserved Cys residues. Mutating one of these residues (Cys33 in V. harveyi NqrM) to Ser completely prevented Na(+)-NQR maturation, whereas mutating any other Cys residue only decreased the yield of the mature protein. These findings identify NqrM as the second specific maturation factor of Na(+)-NQR in proteobacteria, which is presumably involved in the delivery of Fe to form the (Cys)4[Fe] center between subunits NqrD and NqrE.ImportanceNa(+)-translocating NADH:quinone oxidoreductase complex (Na(+)-NQR) is a unique primary Na(+) pump believed to enhance the vitality of many bacteria, including important pathogens such as Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Pasteurella multocida, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Yersinia pestis. Production of Na(+)-NQR in bacteria requires Na(+)-NQR-specific maturation factors. We earlier identified one such factor (ApbE) that covalently attaches flavin residues to Na(+)-NQR. Here we identify the other protein factor, designated NqrM, and show that NqrM and ApbE suffice to produce functional Na(+)-NQR from the Vibrio harveyi nqr operon. NqrM may be involved in Fe delivery to a unique Cys4[Fe] center during Na(+)-NQR assembly. Besides highlighting Na(+)-NQR biogenesis, these findings suggest a novel drug target to combat Na(+)-NQR-containing bacteria.

Project description:The Na+ ion-translocating NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (NQR) from Vibrio cholerae is a membrane-bound respiratory enzyme which harbors flavins and Fe-S clusters as redox centers. The NQR is the main producer of the sodium motive force (SMF) and drives energy-dissipating processes such as flagellar rotation, substrate uptake, ATP synthesis, and cation-proton antiport. The NQR requires for its maturation, in addition to the six structural genes nqrABCDEF, a flavin attachment gene, apbE, and the nqrM gene, presumably encoding a Fe delivery protein. We here describe growth studies and quantitative real-time PCR for the V. cholerae O395N1 wild-type (wt) strain and its mutant Δnqr and ΔubiC strains, impaired in respiration. In a comparative proteome analysis, FeoB, the membrane subunit of the uptake system for Fe2+ (Feo), was increased in V. choleraeΔnqr In this study, the upregulation was confirmed on the mRNA level and resulted in improved growth rates of V. choleraeΔnqr with Fe2+ as an iron source. We studied the expression of feoB on other respiratory enzyme deletion mutants such as the ΔubiC mutant to determine whether iron transport is specific to the absence of NQR resulting from impaired respiration. We show that the nqr operon comprises, in addition to the structural nqrABCDEF genes, the downstream apbE and nqrM genes on the same operon and demonstrate induction of the nqr operon by iron in V. cholerae wt. In contrast, expression of the nqrM gene in V. choleraeΔnqr is repressed by iron. The lack of functional NQR has a strong impact on iron homeostasis in V. cholerae and demonstrates that central respiratory metabolism is interwoven with iron uptake and regulation.IMPORTANCE Investigating strategies of iron acquisition, storage, and delivery in Vibrio cholerae is a prerequisite to understand how this pathogen thrives in hostile, iron-limited environments such as the human host. In addition to highlighting the maturation of the respiratory complex NQR, this study points out the influence of NQR on iron metabolism, thereby making it a potential drug target for antibiotics.

Project description:UnlabelledThe proton-translocating NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (complex I) is a multisubunit integral membrane enzyme found in the respiratory chains of both bacteria and eukaryotic organelles. Although much research has focused on the enzyme's central role in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, comparatively little is known about its role in the diverse energetic lifestyles of different bacteria. Here, we used a phylogenomic approach to better understand the distribution of complex I across bacteria, the evolution of this enzyme, and its potential roles in shaping the physiology of different bacterial groups. By surveying 970 representative bacterial genomes, we predict complex I to be present in ~50% of bacteria. While this includes bacteria with a wide range of energetic schemes, the presence of complex I is associated with specific lifestyles, including aerobic respiration and specific types of phototrophy (bacteria with only a type II reaction center). A phylogeny of bacterial complex I revealed five main clades of enzymes whose evolution is largely congruent with the evolution of the bacterial groups that encode complex I. A notable exception includes the gammaproteobacteria, whose members encode one of two distantly related complex I enzymes predicted to participate in different types of respiratory chains (aerobic versus anaerobic). Comparative genomic analyses suggest a broad role for complex I in reoxidizing NADH produced from various catabolic reactions, including the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and fatty acid beta-oxidation. Together, these findings suggest diverse roles for complex I across bacteria and highlight the importance of this enzyme in shaping diverse physiologies across the bacterial domain.ImportanceLiving systems use conserved energy currencies, including a proton motive force (PMF), NADH, and ATP. The respiratory chain enzyme, complex I, connects these energy currencies by using NADH produced during nutrient breakdown to generate a PMF, which is subsequently used for ATP synthesis. Our goal is to better understand the role of complex I in bacteria, whose energetic diversity allows us to view its function in a range of biological contexts. We analyzed sequenced bacterial genomes to predict the presence, evolution, and function of complex I in bacteria. We identified five main classes of bacterial complex I and predict that different classes participate in different types of respiratory chains (aerobic and anaerobic). We also predict that complex I helps maintain a cellular redox state by reoxidizing NADH produced from central metabolism. Our findings suggest diverse roles for complex I in bacterial physiology, highlighting the need for future laboratory-based studies.

Project description:Ruminants such as cattle and sheep depend on the breakdown of carbohydrates from plant-based feedstuff, which is accomplished by the microbial community in the rumen. Roughly 40% of the members of the rumen microbiota belong to the family Prevotellaceae, which ferments sugars to organic acids such as acetate, propionate, and succinate. These substrates are important nutrients for the ruminant. In a metaproteome analysis of the rumen of cattle, proteins that are homologous to the Na+-translocating NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (NQR) and the quinone:fumarate reductase (QFR) were identified in different Prevotella species. Here, we show that fumarate reduction to succinate in anaerobically growing Prevotella bryantii is coupled to chemiosmotic energy conservation by a supercomplex composed of NQR and QFR. This sodium-translocating NADH:fumarate oxidoreductase (SNFR) supercomplex was enriched by blue native PAGE (BN-PAGE) and characterized by in-gel enzyme activity staining and mass spectrometry. High NADH oxidation (850 nmol min-1 mg-1), quinone reduction (490 nmol min-1 mg-1), and fumarate reduction (1,200 nmol min-1 mg-1) activities, together with high expression levels, demonstrate that SNFR represents a charge-separating unit in P. bryantii. Absorption spectroscopy of SNFR exposed to different substrates revealed intramolecular electron transfer from the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor in NQR to heme b cofactors in QFR. SNFR catalyzed the stoichiometric conversion of NADH and fumarate to NAD+ and succinate. We propose that the regeneration of NAD+ in P. bryantii is intimately linked to the buildup of an electrochemical gradient which powers ATP synthesis by electron transport phosphorylation. IMPORTANCE Feeding strategies for ruminants are designed to optimize nutrient efficiency for animals and to prevent energy losses like enhanced methane production. Key to this are the fermentative reactions of the rumen microbiota, dominated by Prevotella spp. We show that succinate formation by P. bryantii is coupled to NADH oxidation and sodium gradient formation by a newly described supercomplex consisting of Na+-translocating NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (NQR) and fumarate reductase (QFR), representing the sodium-translocating NADH:fumarate oxidoreductase (SNFR) supercomplex. SNFR is the major charge-separating module, generating an electrochemical sodium gradient in P. bryantii. Our findings offer clues to the observation that use of fumarate as feed additive does not significantly increase succinate production, or decrease methanogenesis, by the microbial community in the rumen.

Dataset Information

Anoxic cell rupture of Prevotella bryantii by high-pressure homogenization protects the Na+-translocating NADH:quinone oxidoreductase from oxidative damage.

Publications

Anoxic cell rupture of Prevotella bryantii by high-pressure homogenization protects the Na<sup>+</sup>-translocating NADH:quinone oxidoreductase from oxidative damage.

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