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Imaging of cerebral complications of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in infants with congenital heart disease - ultrasound with multimodality correlation.

ABSTRACT: Cranial ultrasound on neonatal intensive care units is generally performed by intensive care physicians, but radiologists often provide this crucial bedside test to children on specialist paediatric cardiac intensive care units. On a paediatric cardiac intensive care unit, complex congenital cardiac conditions are commonly encountered in both pre- and postoperative scenarios, often with the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), which both increases the risks of a number of neurologic complications and results in significant changes in vascular physiology. The aim of this pictorial essay is to discuss cranial ultrasound technique, demonstrate the changes in Doppler flow profiles resulting from veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and congenital cardiac conditions, and illustrate commonly encountered intracranial complications of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support in congenital cardiac care.

SUBMITTER: Svrckova P

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7286855 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Imaging of cerebral complications of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in infants with congenital heart disease - ultrasound with multimodality correlation.

Svrckova Patricia P Meshaka Riwa R Holtrup Melanie M Aramburo Angela A Mankad Kshitij K Kazmi Farhat F Owens Catherine M CM Gala-Peralta Sandra S Semple Thomas T

Pediatric radiology 20200215 7

Cranial ultrasound on neonatal intensive care units is generally performed by intensive care physicians, but radiologists often provide this crucial bedside test to children on specialist paediatric cardiac intensive care units. On a paediatric cardiac intensive care unit, complex congenital cardiac conditions are commonly encountered in both pre- and postoperative scenarios, often with the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), which both increases the risks of a number of neurologi ...[more]

PMID: 32062720

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Project description:BACKGROUND:Infectious complications are a major cause of morbidity and mortality after heart transplantation (HT). However, the epidemiology and outcomes of these infections in the recent population of adult heart transplant recipients have not been investigated. METHODS:We conducted a single-center retrospective study on infectious complications occurring within 180 days following HT on consecutive heart transplant recipients, from January 2011 to June 2015 at Bichat University Hospital in Paris, France. Risk factors for non-viral infections occurring within 8, 30 and 180 days after HT were investigated using competing risk analysis. RESULTS:Overall, 113 patients were included. Fifty-eight (51%) HTs were high-priority allocations. Twenty-eight (25%) patients had an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support at the time of transplantation. Ninety-two (81%) patients developed at least one infection within 180 days after HT. Bacterial and fungal infections (n?=?181 episodes) occurred in 80 (71%) patients. The most common bacterial and fungal infections were pneumonia (n?=?95/181 episodes, 52%), followed by skin and soft tissue infections (n?=?26/181, 14%). Multi-drug-resistant bacteria were responsible for infections in 21 (19%) patients. Viral infections were diagnosed in 44 (34%) patients, mostly Cytomegalovirus infection (n?=?39, 34%). In multivariate subdistribution hazard model, prior cardiac surgery (subdistribution hazard ratio sHR?=?2.7 [95% CI 1.5-4.6] p?<?0.01) and epinephrine or norepinephrine at the time of HT (sHR?=?2.3 [95% CI 1.1-5.2] p? =?0.04) were significantly associated with non-viral infections within 8 days after HT. Prior cardiac surgery (sHR?=?2.5 [95% CI 1.4-4.4] p?<?0.01), recipient age over 60 years (sHR?=?2.0 [95% CI 1.2-3.3] p?<?0.01) and ECMO following HT (sHR?=?1.7 [95% CI 1.0-2.8] p =?0.04) were significantly associated with non-viral infection within 30 days after HT, as well as within 180 days after HT. CONCLUSION:This study confirmed the high rate of infections following HT. Recipient age, prior cardiac surgery and ECMO following HT were independent risk factors for early and late bacterial and fungal infections.

Project description:Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is a potentially life-saving intervention in refractory cardiopulmonary failure, but it requires anticoagulation to prevent circuit thromboses, which exposes the patient to hemorrhagic complications. Heparin has traditionally been the anticoagulant of choice, but the direct thrombin inhibitor bivalirudin is routinely used in cases of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and has been suggested as a superior choice. We sought to examine the timing of hemorrhagic and thrombotic complications after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cannulation and to compare the rates of such complications between patients anticoagulated with heparin versus bivalirudin.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingJohns Hopkins Hospital patients between January 2016 and July 2019.PatientsAdult (> 18 yr) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients.InterventionsPatients were anticoagulated either with heparin or bivalirudin.Measurements and main resultsWe compared rates of hemorrhagic and thrombotic complications by time on heparin versus bivalirudin and characterized the average time to each complication. Of 144 extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients (mean age 55.3 yr; 58% male), 41% were on central venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, 40% on peripheral venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and 19% on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Thirteen patients (9%) received bivalirudin during their extracorporeal membrane oxygenation run, due to concern for (n = 8) or diagnosis of (n = 4) heparin-induced thrombocytopenia or for heparin resistance (n = 1). The rate of hemorrhagic or thrombotic complications did not differ between heparin (0.13/d) and bivalirudin (0.06/d; p = 0.633), but patients on bivalirudin received significantly fewer blood transfusions (1.0 U of RBCs/d vs 2.9/d on heparin; p < 0.001).ConclusionsOur results confirm the safety and efficacy of bivalirudin as an alternative anticoagulant in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and suggest a potential benefit in less blood product transfusion, although prospective studies are needed to evaluate the true effect of bivalirudin versus the disease processes that prompted its use in our study population.

Project description:BackgroundExtracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is associated with neurologic morbidity and mortality. We investigated whether cerebral regional oxygen saturation (rSO2) is associated with neurologic outcomes and survival in children on ECMO.MethodsThis was a retrospective observational study of children aged 1 day to 20 years who underwent ECMO with routine cerebral rSO2 monitoring in the pediatric intensive care unit at a single academic center between February 2008 and September 2014. We collected all serial rSO2 values recorded in the electronic medical record during the ECMO course. Favorable outcome was defined as survival with Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category (PCPC) ≤ 2 at hospital discharge or no decline from baseline PCPC.ResultsWe reviewed data from 153 patients who underwent 156 ECMO runs. The median age was 12.5 days (interquartile range [IQR], 2 days-15 months). Ninety-nine (64%) patients survived to hospital discharge, and 82/99 (83%) survivors had favorable neurologic outcome by discharge PCPC. Neuroimaging studies were obtained in 135 (87%) patients, 59 (44%) of which showed abnormal findings. Ninety-two (59%) patients had any rSO2 ≤ 50%, 60 (38%) had any rSO2 decline > 20% from baseline, and 26 (17%) had any rSO2 decline > 20% from the reading 1 h prior. Any rSO2 ≤ 50% and any rSO2 decline > 20% from baseline were each associated with unfavorable outcome at hospital discharge (multivariable-adjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.82 [95% CI 1.10-7.25] and 4.52 [95% CI 1.76-11.58], respectively). rSO2 decline > 20% from the reading 1 h prior was not significantly associated with the outcomes.ConclusionAmong children in one institution who underwent routine clinical rSO2 monitoring during ECMO, rSO2 decline was associated with unfavorable short-term neurologic outcome and death after adjusting for potential confounders. The effectiveness of initiating early preventative measures in these high-risk patients needs further study.

Project description:OBJECTIVES:To describe factors associated with hemolysis during pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and the relationships between hemolysis, complications, and mortality. DESIGN:Secondary analysis of data collected prospectively by the Collaborative Pediatric Critical Care Research Network between December 2012 and September 2014. SETTING:Three Collaborative Pediatric Critical Care Research Network-affiliated hospitals. PATIENTS:Age less than 19 years and treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. INTERVENTIONS:None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:Hemolysis was defined based on peak plasma free hemoglobin levels during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and categorized as none (< 0.001?g/L), mild (0.001 to < 0.5?g/L), moderate (0.5 to < 1.0?g/L), or severe (? 1.0?g/L). Of 216 patients, four (1.9%) had no hemolysis, 67 (31.0%) had mild, 51 (23.6%) had moderate, and 94 (43.5%) had severe. On multivariable analysis, variables independently associated with higher daily plasma free hemoglobin concentration included the use of in-line hemofiltration or other continuous renal replacement therapy, higher hemoglobin concentration, higher total bilirubin concentration, lower mean heparin infusion dose, lower body weight, and lower platelet count. Using multivariable Cox modeling, daily plasma free hemoglobin was independently associated with development of renal failure during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (defined as creatinine > 2?mg/dL [> 176.8 ?mol/L] or use of in-line hemofiltration or continuous renal replacement therapy) (hazard ratio, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.02-1.06; p < 0.001), but not mortality (hazard ratio, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.99-1.04; p = 0.389). CONCLUSIONS:Hemolysis is common during pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Hemolysis may contribute to the development of renal failure, and therapies used to manage renal failure such as in-line hemofiltration and other forms of continuous renal replacement therapy may contribute to hemolysis. Hemolysis was not associated with mortality after controlling for other factors. Monitoring for hemolysis should be a routine part of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation practice, and efforts to reduce hemolysis may improve patient care.

Dataset Information

Imaging of cerebral complications of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in infants with congenital heart disease - ultrasound with multimodality correlation.

Publications

Imaging of cerebral complications of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in infants with congenital heart disease - ultrasound with multimodality correlation.

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