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Impact of Post-Exercise Fructose-Maltodextrin Ingestion on Subsequent Endurance Performance.

ABSTRACT: Background: Current sports nutrition guidelines recommend athletes ingest carbohydrates at 1.0-1.2 g·kg-1·h-1 to optimize repletion of muscle glycogen during short-term recovery from endurance exercise. However, they do not provide specific advice on monosaccharides (e.g., fructose or glucose) other than to ingest carbohydrates of moderate to high glycaemic index. Recent evidence suggests that combined ingestion of fructose and glucose in recovery leads to enhanced liver glycogen synthesis and that this translates into improvement of subsequent endurance capacity. Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether consuming a combination of fructose and glucose as opposed to glucose alone during short-term recovery (i.e., 4 h) from exhaustive exercise would also improve subsequent pre-loaded cycle time trial (TT) performance. Methods: Eight participants (seven men, one woman; V? O2peak: 56.8 ± 5.0 mLO2·min-1·kg-1; Wmax: 352 ± 41 W) participated in this randomized double-blind study. Each experimental session involved a glycogen reducing exercise bout in the morning, a 4-h recovery period and 1-h of steady state (SS) exercise at 50% Wmax followed by a ~40-min simulated TT. During recovery carbohydrates were ingested at a rate of 1.2 g·kg-1·h-1 in the form of fructose and maltodextrin (FRU + MD) or dextrose and maltodextrin (GLU + MD) (both in 1:1.5 ratio). Substrate oxidation rates, including ingested carbohydrate oxidation, were determined during the steady state (SS). Blood samples were collected during recovery, during the SS exercise and at the end of the TT for determination of glucose and lactate concentrations. Results: There were no differences in TT performance [37.41 ± 3.45 (GLU + MD); 37.96 ± 5.20 min (FRU + MD), p = 0.547]. During the first 45-min of SS oxidation of ingested carbohydrates was greater in FRU + MD (1.86 ± 0.41 g-1·min-1 and 1.51 ± 0.37 g-1·min-1 for FRU + MD and GLU + MD, respectively; time x condition interaction p = 0.003) and there was a trend toward higher overall carbohydrate oxidation rates in FRU + MD (2.50 ± 0.36 g-1·min-1 and 2.31 ± 0.37 g-1·min-1 for FRU + MD and GLU + MD, respectively; p = 0.08). However, at 60-min of SS, differences in substrate oxidation disappeared. Conclusion: Ingestion of combined fructose and glucose compared to glucose only during recovery from an exhaustive exercise bout increased the ingested carbohydrate oxidation rate during subsequent exercise. Under the conditions studied, subsequent TT performance was not improved with fructose-glucose.

SUBMITTER: Podlogar T

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7289949 | biostudies-literature | 2020

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Impact of Post-Exercise Fructose-Maltodextrin Ingestion on Subsequent Endurance Performance.

Podlogar Tim T Wallis Gareth A GA

Frontiers in nutrition 20200605

Background: Current sports nutrition guidelines recommend athletes ingest carbohydrates at 1.0-1.2 g·kg-1·h-1 to optimize repletion of muscle glycogen during short-term recovery from endurance exercise. However, they do not provide specific advice on monosaccharides (e.g., fructose or glucose) other than to ingest carbohydrates of moderate to high glycaemic index. Recent evidence suggests that combined ingestion of fructose and glucose in recovery leads to enhanced l ...[more]

PMID: 32582755

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Project description:ObjectiveExercise training has several well-established health benefits, including many related to body weight, appetite control, and blood glucose homeostasis. However, the molecular mechanisms and, in particular, the hormonal systems that mediate and integrate these beneficial effects are poorly understood. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the role of the hormone ghrelin and its receptor, the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR; ghrelin receptor), in mediating the effects of exercise on food intake and blood glucose following exercise as well as in regulating exercise endurance capacity.MethodsWe used two mouse models of treadmill running to characterize the changes in plasma ghrelin with exercise. We also assessed the role of the ghrelin system to influence food intake and blood glucose after exercise, exercise endurance, and parameters potentially linked to responses to exercise. Mice lacking GHSRs (GHSR-null mice) and wild-type littermates were studied.ResultsAn acute bout of exercise transiently elevated plasma acyl-ghrelin. Without the action of this increased ghrelin on GHSRs (as in GHSR-null mice), high intensity interval exercise markedly reduced food intake compared to control mice. The effect of exercise to acutely raise blood glucose remained unmodified in GHSR-null mice. Exercise-induced increases in plasma ghrelin positively correlated with endurance capacity, and time to exhaustion was reduced in GHSR-null mice as compared to wild-type littermates. In an effort to mechanistically explain their reduced exercise endurance, exercised GHSR-null mice exhibited an abrogated sympathoadrenal response, lower overall insulin-like growth factor-1 levels, and altered glycogen utilization.ConclusionsExercise transiently increases plasma ghrelin. GHSR-null mice exhibit decreased food intake following high intensity interval exercise and decreased endurance when submitted to an exercise endurance protocol. These data suggest that an intact ghrelin system limits the capacity of exercise to restrict food intake following exercise, although it enhances exercise endurance.

Project description:BackgroundCarbohydrates are an important fuel for optimal exercise performance during moderate- and high-intensity exercise; however, carbohydrate ingestion during high-intensity exercise may cause gastrointestinal upset. A carbohydrate oral rinse is an alternative method to improve exercise performance in moderate- to high-intensity exercise with a duration of 30-75 min. This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis to comprehensively examine the isolated effect of maltodextrin-based rinsing on exercise performance.ObjectiveThe objective of this review was to establish the effect of a maltodextrin-based carbohydrate oral rinse on exercise performance across various modes of exercise. Furthermore, a secondary objective was to determine the effects of moderators [(1) participant characteristics; (2) oral rinse protocols; (3) exercise protocol (i.e. cycling, running etc.) and (4) fasting] on exercise performance while using a maltodextrin-based, carbohydrate oral rinse.MethodsFive databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, SPORTDiscus and Global Health) were systematically searched for articles up to March 2021 and screened using Covidence (a systematic review management tool). A random effects robust meta-analysis and subgroup analyses were performed using Stata Statistical Software: Release 16.ResultsThirty-five articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the systematic review; 34 of these articles were included in the meta-analysis. When using a conventional meta-analytic approach, overall, a carbohydrate oral rinse improved exercise performance in comparison with a placebo (SMD = 0.15, 95% CI 0.04, 0.27; p = 0.01). Furthermore, when implementing an adjusted, conservative, random effects meta-regression model using robust variance estimation, overall, compared with placebo, a carbohydrate oral rinse demonstrated evidence of improving exercise performance with a small effect size (SMD = 0.17, 95% CI - 0.01, 0.34; p = 0.051).ConclusionThis systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrates that a maltodextrin-based carbohydrate oral rinse can improve exercise performance. When comparing the two meta-analytic approaches, although non-significant, the more robust, adjusted, random effects meta-regression model demonstrated some evidence of a maltodextrin-based carbohydrate oral rinse improving exercise performance overall.

Project description:Low-osmolality carbohydrate-electrolyte solution (LCS) ingestion can replace losses from exercise-induced dehydration, but the benefits of LCS ingestion strategy after exhaustive endurance exercise (EEE) remain unknown. The present study evaluated the effects of LCS ingestion on dehydration, oxidative stress, renal function, and aerobic capacity after EEE. In our study with its double-blind, crossover, counterbalanced design, 12 healthy male participants were asked to consume LCS (150 mL four times per hour) or placebo (water) 1 h before and 1 h after EEE. All participants completed a graded exercise test to exhaustion on a treadmill for the determination of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), applied to further intensity calibration, and then completed the EEE test. The average heart rate, maximal heart rate, running time to exhaustion, and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) were recorded during the exercise period. The participants' body weight was recorded at different time points before and after the EEE to calculate the dehydration rate. Blood samples were drawn at baseline and before, immediately after, 1 h after, and 2 h after EEE to determine indicators of oxidative stress and renal function. The results indicated that the dehydration rates in participants with LCS ingestion at 15 min, 30 min, and 45 min after EEE were significantly lower than in participants with placebo ingestion (-1.86 ± 0.47% vs. -2.24 ± 0.72%; -1.78 ± 0.50% vs. -2.13 ± 0.74%; -1.54 ± 0.51% vs. -1.94 ± 0.72%, respectively; p < 0.05). In addition, the concentration of catalase in participants with LCS ingestion immediately after EEE was significantly higher than in participants with placebo ingestion (2046.21 ± 381.98 nmol/min/mL vs. 1820.37 ± 417.35 nmol/min/mL; p < 0.05). Moreover, the concentration of protein carbonyl in participants with LCS ingestion immediately after EEE was slightly lower than in participants with placebo ingestion (2.72 ± 0.31 nmol carbonyl/mg protein vs. 2.89 ± 0.43 nmol carbonyl/mg protein; p = 0.06). No differences were noted for other variables. Our findings conclude that LCS ingestion can effectively avoid fluid loss and oxidative stress after EEE. However, LCS ingestion had no benefits for renal function or aerobic capacity.

Project description:BackgroundThe ergogenic effects of analgesic substances suggest that pain perception is an important regulator of work-rate during fatiguing exercise. Recent research has shown that endogenous inhibitory responses, which act to attenuate nociceptive input and reduce perceived pain, can be increased following transcranial direct current stimulation of the hand motor cortex. Using high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS; 2 mA, 20 min), the current study aimed to examine the effects of elevated pain inhibitory capacity on endurance exercise performance. It was hypothesised that HD-tDCS would enhance the efficiency of the endogenous pain inhibitory response and improve endurance exercise performance.MethodsTwelve healthy males between 18 and 40 years of age (M = 24.42 ± 3.85) were recruited for participation. Endogenous pain inhibitory capacity and exercise performance were assessed before and after both active and sham (placebo) stimulation. The conditioned pain modulation protocol was used for the measurement of pain inhibition. Exercise performance assessment consisted of both maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and submaximal muscular endurance performance trials using isometric contractions of the non-dominant leg extensors.ResultsActive HD-tDCS (pre-tDCS, -.32 ± 1.33 kg; post-tDCS, -1.23 ± 1.21 kg) significantly increased pain inhibitory responses relative to the effects of sham HD-tDCS (pre-tDCS, -.91 ± .92 kg; post-tDCS, -.26 ± .92 kg; p = .046). Irrespective of condition, peak MVC force and muscular endurance was reduced from pre- to post-stimulation. HD-tDCS did not significantly influence this reduction in maximal force (active: pre-tDCS, 264.89 ± 66.87 Nm; post-tDCS, 236.33 ± 66.51 Nm; sham: pre-tDCS, 249.25 ± 88.56 Nm; post-tDCS, 239.63 ± 67.53 Nm) or muscular endurance (active: pre-tDCS, 104.65 ± 42.36 s; post-tDCS, 93.07 ± 33.73 s; sham: pre-tDCS, 123.42 ± 72.48 s; post-tDCS, 100.27 ± 44.25 s).DiscussionDespite increasing pain inhibitory capacity relative to sham stimulation, active HD-tDCS did not significantly elevate maximal force production or muscular endurance. These findings question the role of endogenous pain inhibitory networks in the regulation of exercise performance.

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Impact of Post-Exercise Fructose-Maltodextrin Ingestion on Subsequent Endurance Performance.

Publications

Impact of Post-Exercise Fructose-Maltodextrin Ingestion on Subsequent Endurance Performance.

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