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Breakfast Skipping, Body Composition, and Cardiometabolic Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials.

ABSTRACT: OBJECTIVE:The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of skipping breakfast on body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors. METHODS:This study conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating breakfast skipping compared with breakfast consumption. Inclusion criteria included age???18, intervention duration???4 weeks,???7 participants per group, and???1 body composition measure. Random-effects meta-analyses of the effect of breakfast skipping on body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors were performed. RESULTS:Seven RCTs (n?=?425 participants) with an average duration of 8.6 weeks were included. Compared with breakfast consumption, breakfast skipping significantly reduced body weight (weighted mean difference [WMD]?=?-0.54 kg [95% CI: -1.05 to -0.03], P?=?0.04, I2 ?=?21.4%). Percent body fat was reported in 5 studies and was not significantly different between breakfast skippers and consumers. Three studies reported on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), which was increased in breakfast skippers as compared with breakfast consumers (WMD?=?9.24 mg/dL [95% CI: 2.18 to 16.30], P?=?0.01). Breakfast skipping did not lead to significant differences in blood pressure, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, C-reactive protein, insulin, fasting glucose, leptin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, or ghrelin. CONCLUSIONS:Breakfast skipping may have a modest impact on weight loss and may increase LDL in the short term. Further studies are needed to provide additional insight into the effects of breakfast skipping.

SUBMITTER: Bonnet JP

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7304383 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Breakfast Skipping, Body Composition, and Cardiometabolic Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials.

Bonnet Jonathan P JP Cardel Michelle I MI Cellini Jaqueline J Hu Frank B FB Guasch-Ferré Marta M

Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 20200418 6

<h4>Objective</h4>The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of skipping breakfast on body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors.<h4>Methods</h4>This study conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating breakfast skipping compared with breakfast consumption. Inclusion criteria included age ≥ 18, intervention duration ≥ 4 weeks, ≥ 7 participants per group, and ≥ 1 body composition measure. Random-effects meta-analyses of the ef ...[more]

PMID: 32304359

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Project description:Intermittent fasting (IF) has gained attention as a promising diet for weight loss and dysmetabolic diseases management. This systematic review aimed to investigate the effects of IF on cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs). A systematic literature search was carried out using three electronic databases, namely PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library, until October 2020. Randomized controlled trials that compared the IF intervention with a control group diet were included. Fourteen effect sizes were expressed as weighted mean difference (WMD) using a fixed-effects model and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Compared to the ones within control groups, participants exposed to the IF intervention reduced their body weight (WMD, -1.78 kg; 95% CI, -2.21 to -1.35; p <0.05), waist circumference (WMD, -1.19 cm; 95% CI, -1.8 to -0.57; p <0.05), fat mass (WMD, -1.26 kg; 95% CI, -1.57 to -0.95; p <0.05), body mass index (WMD, -0.58 kg/m2; 95% CI, -0.8 to -0.37; p <0.05), systolic blood pressure (WMD, -2.14 mmHg; 95% CI: -3.54 to -0.73; p <0.05), diastolic blood pressure (WMD: -1.38 mmHg, 95% CI, -2.35 to -0.41, p <0.05), fasting blood glucose (WMD: -0.053 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.105 to 0.001; p <0.05), fasting insulin (WMD, -0.8 mIU/L; 95% CI, -1.15 to -0.44; p <0.05), insulin resistance (WMD, -0.21; 95% CI, -0.36 to -0.05; p <0.05), total cholesterol (WMD, -0.10 mmol/L; 95% CI, -0.17 to -0.02; p <0.05), and triglycerides (WMD, -0.09 mmol/L; 95% CI, -0.13 to -0.04; p <0.05). No effects were observed for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, or glycosylated hemoglobin. This meta-analysis supports the role of IF in improving the component composition of CMRFs, including weight, waist circumference, fat mass, BMI, blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting insulin, and insulin resistance, compared to a control group diet. Further research on IF interventions should take into account long-term and well-designed administration to draw definitive conclusions.

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Project description:OBJECTIVE:To examine the effect of regular breakfast consumption on weight change and energy intake in people living in high income countries. DESIGN:Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES:PubMed, Ovid Medline, and CINAHL were searched for randomised controlled trials published between January 1990 and January 2018 investigating the effect of breakfast on weight or energy intake. ClinicalTrials.gov and the World Health Organization's International Clinical Trials Registry Platform search portal were also searched in October 2018 to identify any registered yet unpublished or ongoing trials. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES:Randomised controlled trials from high income countries in adults comparing breakfast consumption with no breakfast consumption that included a measure of body weight or energy intake. Two independent reviewers extracted the data and assessed the risk of bias of included studies. Random effects meta-analyses of the effect of breakfast consumption on weight and daily energy intake were performed. RESULTS:Of 13 included trials, seven examined the effect of eating breakfast on weight change, and 10 examined the effect on energy intake. Meta-analysis of the results found a small difference in weight favouring participants who skipped breakfast (mean difference 0.44 kg, 95% confidence interval 0.07 to 0.82), but there was some inconsistency across trial results (I2=43%). Participants assigned to breakfast had a higher total daily energy intake than those assigned to skip breakfast (mean difference 259.79 kcal/day, 78.87 to 440.71; 1 kcal=4.18 kJ), despite substantial inconsistency across trial results (I2=80%). All of the included trials were at high or unclear risk of bias in at least one domain and had only short term follow-ups (mean period seven weeks for weight, two weeks for energy intake). As the quality of the included studies was mostly low, the findings should be interpreted with caution. CONCLUSION:This study suggests that the addition of breakfast might not be a good strategy for weight loss, regardless of established breakfast habit. Caution is needed when recommending breakfast for weight loss in adults, as it could have the opposite effect. Further randomised controlled trials of high quality are needed to examine the role of breakfast eating in the approach to weight management. STUDY REGISTRATION:PROSPERO registration number CRD42017057687.

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Breakfast Skipping, Body Composition, and Cardiometabolic Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials.

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Breakfast Skipping, Body Composition, and Cardiometabolic Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials.

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