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Polyelectrolytes Assembly: A Powerful Tool for Electrochemical Sensing Application.

ABSTRACT: The development of sensing coatings, as important sensor elements that integrate functionality, simplicity, chemical stability, and physical stability, has been shown to play a major role in electrochemical sensing system development trends. Simple and versatile assembling procedures and scalability make polyelectrolytes highly convenient for use in electrochemical sensing applications. Polyelectrolytes are mainly used in electrochemical sensor architectures for entrapping (incorporation, immobilization, etc.) various materials into sensing layers. These materials can often increase sensitivity, selectivity, and electronic communications with the electrode substrate, and they can mediate electron transfer between an analyte and transducer. Analytical performance can be significantly improved by the synergistic effect of materials (sensing material, transducer, and mediator) present in these composites. As most reported methods for the preparation of polyelectrolyte-based sensing layers are layer-by-layer and casting/coating methods, this review focuses on the use of the latter methods in the development of electrochemical sensors within the last decade. In contrast to many reviews related to electrochemical sensors that feature polyelectrolytes, this review is focused on architectures of sensing layers and the role of polyelectrolytes in the development of sensing systems. Additionally, the role of polyelectrolytes in the preparation and modification of various nanoparticles, nanoprobes, reporter probes, nanobeads, etc. that are used in electrochemical sensing systems is also reviewed.

SUBMITTER: Skugor Roncevic I

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7313698 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Polyelectrolytes Assembly: A Powerful Tool for Electrochemical Sensing Application.

Škugor Rončević Ivana I Krivić Denis D Buljac Maša M Vladislavić Nives N Buzuk Marijo M

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) 20200605 11

The development of sensing coatings, as important sensor elements that integrate functionality, simplicity, chemical stability, and physical stability, has been shown to play a major role in electrochemical sensing system development trends. Simple and versatile assembling procedures and scalability make polyelectrolytes highly convenient for use in electrochemical sensing applications. Polyelectrolytes are mainly used in electrochemical sensor architectures for entrapping (incorporation, immobi ...[more]

PMID: 32517055

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Project description:CONSPECTUS: Several properties of nanomaterials, such as morphologies (e.g., shapes and surface structures) and distance dependent properties (e.g., plasmonic and quantum confinement effects), make nanomaterials uniquely qualified as potential choices for future applications from catalysis to biomedicine. To realize the full potential of these nanomaterials, it is important to demonstrate fine control of the morphology of individual nanoparticles, as well as precise spatial control of the position, orientation, and distances between multiple nanoparticles. In addition, dynamic control of nanomaterial assembly in response to multiple stimuli, with minimal or no error, and the reversibility of the assemblies are also required. In this Account, we summarize recent progress of using DNA as a powerful programmable tool to realize the above goals. First, inspired by the discovery of genetic codes in biology, we have discovered DNA sequence combinations to control different morphologies of nanoparticles during their growth process and have shown that these effects are synergistic or competitive, depending on the sequence combination. The DNA, which guides the growth of the nanomaterial, is stable and retains its biorecognition ability. Second, by taking advantage of different reactivities of phosphorothioate and phosphodiester backbone, we have placed phosphorothioate at selective positions on different DNA nanostructures including DNA tetrahedrons. Bifunctional linkers have been used to conjugate phosphorothioate on one end and bind nanoparticles or proteins on the other end. In doing so, precise control of distances between two or more nanoparticles or proteins with nanometer resolution can be achieved. Furthermore, by developing facile methods to functionalize two hemispheres of Janus nanoparticles with two different DNA sequences regioselectively, we have demonstrated directional control of nanomaterial assembly, where DNA strands with specific hybridization serve as orthogonal linkers. Third, by using functional DNA that includes DNAzyme, aptamer, and aptazyme, dynamic control of assemblies of gold nanoparticles, quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, and iron oxide nanoparticles in response to one or more stimuli cooperatively have been achieved, resulting in colorimetric, fluorescent, electrochemical, and magnetic resonance signals for a wide range of targets, such as metal ions, small molecules, proteins, and intact cells. Fourth, by mimicking biology, we have employed DNAzymes as proofreading units to remove errors in nanoparticle assembly and further used DNAzyme cascade reactions to modify or repair DNA sequences involved in the assembly. Finally, by taking advantage of different affinities of biotin and desthiobiotin toward streptavidin, we have demonstrated reversible assembly of proteins on DNA origami.

Project description:Bradyrhizobium is an endophytic bacterium under investigation as an efficient biofertilizer for sustainable legume-rice rotational cropping system. Monitoring and bio-imaging of this nitrogen fixing bacterium is essential for the study of plant-microbe evolution, soil microbiome, as well as quality control in organic farming. While phage display antibody technology has been widely used to generate recombinant antibody for myriad medical purposes, so far, this technology has been minimally applied in the agricultural sector. In this study, single-chain variable fragments (scFv) against two Bradyrhizobium strains SUTN9-2 (yiN92-1e10) and DOA9 (yiDOA9-162) were isolated from a human phage display antibody library. Specific binding of scFv was demonstrated by ELISA and confocal-immunofluorescence imaging techniques. Bradyrhizobium localization in both endophytic and bacteroid forms could be observed inside rice tissue and plant nodule, respectively. Moreover, successful application of the recombinant antibody for the evaluation of nodule occupancy was also demonstrated in comparison with standard GUS-staining method. The results of this study showed for the first time the potential use of human phage display scFv antibody for imaging and monitoring of Bradyrhizobium biofertilizer and thus could be further applied for point-of-detection of bacterial inoculum in the legume-rice rotational crop system. IMPORTANCE Human scFv antibody generated from phage display technology was successfully used for the generation of specific recombinant antibodies: yiN92-1e10 and yiDOA9-162 for the detection of Bradyrhizobium strains SUTN9-2 and DOA9, respectively. These two recombinant scFv antibodies could be used for precise detection of the rhizobia both in symbiosis with legume and endophyte in rice tissue by ELISA and immunofluorescent staining, during legume-rice rotational cropping system in the field. This methodology can be further employed for the study of other plant-microbe interactions and monitoring of biofertilizer in diverse sustainable cropping systems as well as in precision agriculture.

Dataset Information

Polyelectrolytes Assembly: A Powerful Tool for Electrochemical Sensing Application.

Publications

Polyelectrolytes Assembly: A Powerful Tool for Electrochemical Sensing Application.

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