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Development of a New Borax-Based Formulation for the Removal of Pyrite Scales.

ABSTRACT: In the oil and gas industry, pyrite forms one of the most hardened scales in reservoirs, which hinders the flow of fluids. Consequently, this leads to blockage of the downhole tubular, formation damage, and complete shutdown of production and operational processes. Herein, a new green formulation based on borax (K2B4O7) is proposed for pyrite scale removal. The temperature effect, disk rotational speed, and borax concentration have been investigated using a rotating disk apparatus. Also, XPS and SEM-EDX analyses were conducted on the pyrite disk surface before and after the treatment with the green formulation. The new formulation showed the potential ability to dissolve pyrite without generating the toxic hydrogen sulfide (H2S). The dissolution rate of the scale in the new formulation is increased by 16% compared to that in a previous green formulation composed of 20 wt %DTPA+9 wt % K2CO3. Molecular modeling technique using DFT was used to study the solvation energies of Fe2+ and Fe3+. The latter had a higher solvation energy than the former, which confirmed that upon using the borax-based formulation to oxidize Fe2+ to Fe3+. It will aid the dissolution of pyrite scales. The new formulation achieved a corrosion rate that is 25 times lower than that of 15 wt % HCl, which is commercially used in treating scales. Finally, the proposed new formulation does not require the use of corrosion inhibitors; hence, it is expected to result in a more economical scale treatment method.

SUBMITTER: Ahmed M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7315426 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Development of a New Borax-Based Formulation for the Removal of Pyrite Scales.

Ahmed Musa M Hussein Ibnelwaleed A IA Onawole Abdulmujeeb T AT Saad Mohammed A MA

ACS omega 20200612 24

In the oil and gas industry, pyrite forms one of the most hardened scales in reservoirs, which hinders the flow of fluids. Consequently, this leads to blockage of the downhole tubular, formation damage, and complete shutdown of production and operational processes. Herein, a new green formulation based on borax (K2B4O7) is proposed for pyrite scale removal. The temperature effect, disk rotational speed, and borax concentration have been investigated using a rotat ...[more]

PMID: 32596568

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Project description:Pathogenic spirochetes from genus Leptospira are etiologic agents of leptospirosis. Cellular vaccines against Leptospira infection often elicit mainly response against the LPS antigen of the serovars present in the formulation. There is no suitable protein candidate capable of replacing whole-cell vaccines, thus requiring new approaches on vaccine development to improve leptospirosis prevention. Our goal was to develop a whole-cell vaccine sorovar-independent based on LPS removal and conservation of protein antigens exposure, to evaluate the protective capacity of monovalent or bivalent vaccines against homologous and heterologous virulent Leptospira in hamster. Leptospire were subjected to heat inactivation, or to LPS extraction with butanol and in some cases further inactivation with formaldehyde. Hamsters were immunized and challenged with homologous or heterologous virulent serovars, blood and organs were collected from the survivors for bacterial quantification, chemokine evaluation, and analysis of sera antibody reactivity and cross-reactivity by Western blot. Immunization with either heated or low LPS vaccines with serovar Copenhageni or Canicola resulted in 100% protection of the animals challenged with homologous virulent bacteria. Notably, different from the whole-cell vaccine, the low LPS vaccines produced with serovar Canicola provided only partial protection in heterologous challenge with the virulent Copenhageni serovar. Immunization with bivalent formulation results in 100% protection of immunized animals challenged with virulent serovar Canicola. All vaccines produced were able to eliminate bacteria from the kidney of challenged animals. All the vaccines raised antibodies capable to recognize antigens of serovars not present in the vaccine formulation. Transcripts of IFNγ, CXCL16, CCL5, CXCL10, CXCR6, and CCR5, increased in all immunized animals. Conclusion: Our results showed that bivalent vaccines with reduced LPS may be an interesting strategy for protection against heterologous virulent serovars. Besides the desirable multivalent protection, the low LPS vaccines are specially promising due to the expected lower reatogenicity.

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Development of a New Borax-Based Formulation for the Removal of Pyrite Scales.

Publications

Development of a New Borax-Based Formulation for the Removal of Pyrite Scales.

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