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Organised and opportunistic prevention in primary health care: estimation of missed opportunities by population based health interview surveys in Hungary.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:Improvement of preventive services for adults can be achieved by opportunistic or organised methods in primary care. The unexploited opportunities of these approaches were estimated by our investigation. METHODS:Data from the Hungarian implementation of European Health Interview Surveys in 2009 (N?=?4709) and 2014 (N?=?5352) were analysed. Proportion of subjects used interventions in target group (screening for hypertension and diabetes mellitus, and influenza vaccination) within a year were calculated. Taking into consideration recommendations for the frequency of intervention, numbers of missed interventions among patients visited a general practitioner in a year and among patients did not visit a general practitioner in a year were calculated in order to describe missed opportunities that could be utilised by opportunistic or organised approaches. Numbers of missed interventions were estimated for the entire population of the country and for an average-sized general medical practice. RESULTS:Implementation ratio were 66.8% for blood pressure measurement among subjects above 40?years and free of diagnosed hypertension; 63.5% for checking blood glucose among adults above 45 and overweighed and free of diagnosed diabetes mellitus; and 19.1% for vaccination against seasonal influenza. There were 4.1 million interventions implemented a year in Hungary, most of the (3.8 million) among adults visited general practitioner in a year. The number of missed interventions was 4.5 million a year; mostly (3.4 million) among persons visited general practitioner in a year. For Hungary, the opportunistic and organised missed opportunities were estimated to be 561,098, and 1,150,321 for hypertension screening; 363,270, and 227,543 for diabetes mellitus screening; 2,784,072, and 380,033 for influenza vaccination among the

SUBMITTER: Sandor J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7315493 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Organised and opportunistic prevention in primary health care: estimation of missed opportunities by population based health interview surveys in Hungary.

Sándor János J Tokaji Ildikó I Harsha Nouh N Papp Magor M Ádány Róza R Czifra Árpád Á

BMC family practice 20200624 1

<h4>Background</h4>Improvement of preventive services for adults can be achieved by opportunistic or organised methods in primary care. The unexploited opportunities of these approaches were estimated by our investigation.<h4>Methods</h4>Data from the Hungarian implementation of European Health Interview Surveys in 2009 (N = 4709) and 2014 (N = 5352) were analysed. Proportion of subjects used interventions in target group (screening for hypertension and diabetes mellitus, and influenza vaccinati ...[more]

PMID: 32580703

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Project description:BackgroundIn November 2016, the Kenya National Vaccines and Immunization Programme conducted an assessment of missed opportunities for vaccination (MOV) using the World Health Organization (WHO) MOV methodology. A MOV includes any contact with health services during which an eligible individual does not receive all the vaccine doses for which he or she is eligible.MethodsThe MOV assessment in Kenya was conducted in 10 geographically diverse counties, comprising exit interviews with caregivers and knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) surveys with health workers. On the survey dates, which covered a 4-day period in November 2016, all health workers and caregivers visiting the selected health facilities with children <24 months of age were eligible to participate. Health facilities (n = 4 per county) were purposively selected by size, location, ownership, and performance. We calculated the proportion of MOV among children eligible for vaccination and with documented vaccination histories (i.e., from a home-based record or health facility register), and stratified MOV by age and reason for visit. Timeliness of vaccine doses was also calculated.ResultsWe conducted 677 age-eligible children exit interviews and 376 health worker KAP surveys. Of the 558 children with documented vaccination histories, 33% were visiting the health facility for a vaccination visit and 67% were for other reasons. A MOV was seen in 75% (244/324) of children eligible for vaccination with documented vaccination histories, with 57% (186/324) receiving no vaccinations. This included 55% of children visiting for a vaccination visit and 93% visiting for non-vaccination visits. Timeliness for multi-dose vaccine series doses decreased with subsequent doses. Among health workers, 25% (74/291) were unable to correctly identify the national vaccination schedule for vaccines administered during the first year of life. Among health workers who reported administering vaccines as part of their daily work, 39% (55/142) reported that they did not always have the materials they needed for patients seeking immunization services, such as vaccines, syringes, and vaccination recording documents.ConclusionsThe MOV assessment in Kenya highlighted areas of improvement that could reduce MOV. The results suggest several interventions including standardizing health worker practices, implementing an orientation package for all health workers, and developing a stock management module to reduce stock-outs of vaccines and vaccination-related supplies. To improve vaccination coverage and equity in all counties in Kenya, interventions to reduce MOV should be considered as part of an overall immunization service improvement plan.

Project description:BackgroundVertical HIV transmission has declined in Canada, but missed opportunities for prevention continue to occur. We sought to determine the adequacy, and changes over time in adequacy, of uptake of maternal and neonatal antiretroviral therapy for the prevention of vertical HIV transmission, and to determine the vertical transmission rate over time and according to adequacy of antenatal antiretroviral therapy during the combination antiretroviral therapy era in Canada.MethodsThe Canadian Perinatal HIV Surveillance Program collects data annually through retrospective chart review concerning HIV-infected women and their infants. We determined receipt of adequate antiretroviral treatment (antenatal combination antiretroviral treatment for ≥ 4 wk, intrapartum intravenous zidovudine treatment and 4-6 wk of infant oral zidovudine treatment) and predictors of inadequate antenatal combination antiretroviral therapy (none or < 4 wk) in Canada in 1997-2016.ResultsWe identified 3785 mother-infant pairs. Uptake of 4 weeks or more of antenatal combination antiretroviral therapy increased over time across all provinces/territories and regardless of maternal race/ethnicity or risk category (p < 0.001). During 2011-2016, 92 women (6.5%) received no or less than 4 weeks of antenatal combination antiretroviral therapy, 146 women (10.7%) received no intrapartum zidovudine treatment, and 43 infants (3.1%) received less than 4 weeks of zidovudine treatment. In multivariate analysis restricted to 2011-2016, higher uptake of adequate antenatal combination antiretroviral therapy was seen among black women than among Indigenous (odds ratio [OR] 2.99, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.23-7.26) or white (OR 1.87, 95% CI 0.99-1.27) women and in British Columbia/Yukon Territory than in Alberta (OR 3.31, 95% CI 1.06-10.32), Ontario (OR 3.16, 95% CI 1.08-9.26) or Quebec (OR 3.44, 95% CI 1.09-10.84). Among the 14 vertical HIV transmission events during 2011-2016 (vertical transmission rate 1.0%), maternal HIV infection was diagnosed before the onset of labour in 5 cases, and only 2 women received adequate antenatal combination antiretroviral therapy.InterpretationEfforts to improve timely access to care, HIV screening and treatment for all women, combined with enhanced resources targeting populations at increased risk for HIV infection, will be needed if vertical HIV transmission is to be eliminated in Canada.

Project description:BackgroundIn 2016, Kenya conducted a study of missed opportunities for vaccination (MOV)-when eligible children have contact with the health system but are not fully vaccinated-to explore some of the reasons for persistent low vaccination coverage. This paper details the qualitative findings from that assessment.MethodsUsing the World Health Organization MOV methodology, teams conducted focus group discussions among caregivers and health workers and in-depth interviews of key informants in 10 counties in Kenya. Caregivers of children <24 months of age visiting the selected health facilities on the day of the assessment were requested to participate in focus group discussions. Health workers were purposively sampled to capture a broad range of perspectives. Key informants were selected based on their perceived insight on immunization services at the county, sub-county, or health facility level.ResultsSix focus group discussions with caregivers, eight focus group discussions with health workers, and 35 in-depth interviews with key informants were completed. In general, caregivers had positive attitudes toward healthcare and vaccination services, but expressed a desire for increased education surrounding vaccination. In order to standardize vaccination checks at all health facility visits, health workers and key informants emphasized the need for additional trainings for all staff members on immunization. Health workers and key informants also highlighted the negative impact of significant understaffing in health facilities, and the persistent challenge of stock-outs of vaccines and vaccination-related supplies.ConclusionsIdentified factors that could contribute to MOV include a lack of knowledge surrounding vaccination among caregivers and health workers, inadequate number of health workers, and stock-outs of vaccines or vaccination-related materials. In addition, vaccination checks outside of vaccination visits lacked consistency, leading to MOV in non-vaccinating departments. Qualitative assessments could provide a starting point for understanding and developing interventions to address MOV in other countries.

Project description:BACKGROUND:Epidemiological transition in high HIV-burden settings is resulting in a rise in HIV/NCD multimorbidity. The majority of NCD risk behaviours start during adolescence, making this an important target group for NCD prevention and multimorbidity prevention in adolescents with a chronic condition such as HIV. However, there is data paucity on NCD risk and prevention in adolescents with HIV in high HIV-burden settings. The aim of this study was to investigate the extent to which NCD comorbidity (prevention, diagnosis, and management) is incorporated within existing adolescent HIV primary healthcare services in Cape Town, South Africa. METHODS:We reviewed medical records of 491 adolescents and youth living with HIV (AYLHIV) aged 10-24?years across nine primary care facilities in Cape Town from November 2018-March 2019. Folders were systematically sampled from a master list of all AYLHIV per facility and information on HIV management and care, NCDs, NCD risk and NCD-related health promotion extracted. RESULTS:The median age was 20?years (IQR: 14-23); median age at ART initiation 18?years (IQR: 6-21) and median duration on ART 3?years (IQR: 1.1-8.9). Fifty five percent of participants had a documented comorbidity, of which 11% had an NCD diagnosis with chronic respiratory diseases (60%) and mental disorders (37%) most common. Of those with documented anthropometrics (62%), 48% were overweight or obese. Fifty nine percent of participants had a documented blood pressure, of which 27% were abnormal. Twenty-six percent had a documented health promoting intervention, 42% of which were NCD-related; ranging from alcohol or substance abuse (13%); smoking (9%); healthy weight or diet (9%) and mental health counselling (10%). CONCLUSIONS:Our study demonstrates limited NCD screening and health promotion in AYLHIV accessing healthcare services. Where documented, our data demonstrates existing NCD comorbidity and NCD risk factors highlighting a missed opportunity for multimorbidity prevention through NCD screening and health promotion. Addressing this missed opportunity requires an integrated health system and intersectoral action on upstream NCD determinants to turn the tide on the rising NCD and multimorbidity epidemic.

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Organised and opportunistic prevention in primary health care: estimation of missed opportunities by population based health interview surveys in Hungary.

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Organised and opportunistic prevention in primary health care: estimation of missed opportunities by population based health interview surveys in Hungary.

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