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Substrate-selective protein ectodomain shedding by ADAM17 and iRhom2 depends on their juxtamembrane and transmembrane domains.

ABSTRACT: The metalloprotease ADAM17 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17) regulates EGF-receptor and TNFα signaling, thereby not only protecting the skin and intestinal barrier, but also contributing to autoimmunity. ADAM17 can be rapidly activated by many stimuli through its transmembrane domain (TMD), with the seven membrane-spanning inactive Rhomboids (iRhom) 1 and 2 implicated as candidate regulatory partners. However, several alternative models of ADAM17 regulation exist that do not involve the iRhoms, such as regulation through disulfide bond exchange or through interaction with charged phospholipids. Here, we report that a non-activatable mutant of ADAM17 with the TMD of betacellulin (BTC) can be rescued by restoring residues from the ADAM17 TMD, but only in Adam17^-/- cells, which contain iRhoms, not in iRhom1/2^-/- cells. We also provide the first evidence that the extracellular juxtamembrane domains (JMDs) of ADAM17 and iRhom2 regulate the stimulation and substrate selectivity of ADAM17. Interestingly, a point mutation in the ADAM17 JMD identified in a patient with Tetralogy of Fallot, a serious heart valve defect, affects the substrate selectivity of ADAM17 toward Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor like growth factor (HB-EGF), a crucial regulator of heart valve development in mice. These findings provide new insights into the regulation of ADAM17 through an essential interaction with the TMD1 and JMD1 of iRhom2.

SUBMITTER: Tang B

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7316530 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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iRhom2 controls the substrate selectivity of stimulated ADAM17-dependent ectodomain shedding.

Project description:Protein ectodomain shedding by ADAM17 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17), a principal regulator of EGF-receptor signaling and TNFα release, is rapidly and posttranslationally activated by a variety of signaling pathways, and yet little is known about the underlying mechanism. Here, we report that inactive rhomboid protein 2 (iRhom2), recently identified as essential for the maturation of ADAM17 in hematopoietic cells, is crucial for the rapid activation of the shedding of some, but not all substrates of ADAM17. Mature ADAM17 is present in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (mEFs) lacking iRhom2, and yet ADAM17 is unable to support stimulated shedding of several of its substrates, including heparin-binding EGF and Kit ligand 2 in this context. Stimulated shedding of other ADAM17 substrates, such as TGFα, is not affected in iRhom2(-/-) mEFs but can be strongly reduced by treating iRhom2(-/-) mEFs with siRNA against iRhom1. Activation of heparin-binding EGF or Kit ligand 2 shedding by ADAM17 in iRhom2(-/-) mEFs can be rescued by wild-type iRhom2 but not by iRhom2 lacking its N-terminal cytoplasmic domain. The requirement for the cytoplasmic domain of iRhom2 for stimulated shedding by ADAM17 may help explain why the cytoplasmic domain of ADAM17 is not required for stimulated shedding. The functional relevance of iRhom2 in regulating shedding of EGF receptor (EGFR) ligands is established by a lack of lysophasphatidic acid/ADAM17/EGFR-dependent crosstalk with ERK1/2 in iRhom2(-/-) mEFs, and a significant reduction of FGF7/ADAM17/EGFR-stimulated migration of iRhom2(-/-) keratinocytes. Taken together, these findings uncover functions for iRhom2 in the regulation of EGFR signaling and in controlling the activation and substrate selectivity of ADAM17-dependent shedding events.

| S-EPMC3710827 | biostudies-literature

Roles of the juxtamembrane and extracellular domains of angiotensin-converting enzyme in ectodomain shedding.

Project description:Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is one of a growing number of integral membrane proteins that is shed from the cell surface through proteolytic cleavage by a secretase. To investigate the requirements for ectodomain shedding, we replaced the glycosylphosphatidylinositol addition sequence in membrane dipeptidase (MDP) - a membrane protein that is not shed - with the juxtamembrane stalk, transmembrane (TM) and cytosolic domains of ACE. The resulting construct, MDP-STM(ACE), was targeted to the cell surface in a glycosylated and enzymically active form, and was shed into the medium. The site of cleavage in MDP-STM(ACE) was identified by MS as the Arg(374)-Ser(375) bond, corresponding to the Arg(1203)-Ser(1204) secretase cleavage site in somatic ACE. The release of MDP-STM(ACE) and ACE from the cells was inhibited in an identical manner by batimastat and two other hydroxamic acid-based zinc metallosecretase inhibitors. In contrast, a construct lacking the juxtamembrane stalk, MDP-TM(ACE), although expressed at the cell surface in an enzymically active form, was not shed, implying that the juxtamembrane stalk is the critical determinant of shedding. However, an additional construct, ACEDeltaC, in which the N-terminal domain of somatic ACE was fused to the stalk, TM and cytosolic domains, was also not shed, despite the presence of a cleavable stalk, implying that in contrast with the C-terminal domain, the N-terminal domain lacks a signal required for shedding. These data are discussed in the context of two classes of secretases that differ in their requirements for recognition of substrate proteins.

| S-EPMC1222046 | biostudies-other

Phosphorylation of iRhom2 Controls Stimulated Proteolytic Shedding by the Metalloprotease ADAM17/TACE.

Project description:Cell surface metalloproteases coordinate signaling during development, tissue homeostasis, and disease. TACE (TNF-α-converting enzyme), is responsible for cleavage ("shedding") of membrane-tethered signaling molecules, including the cytokine TNF, and activating ligands of the EGFR. The trafficking of TACE within the secretory pathway requires its binding to iRhom2, which mediates the exit of TACE from the endoplasmic reticulum. An important, but mechanistically unclear, feature of TACE biology is its ability to be stimulated rapidly on the cell surface by numerous inflammatory and growth-promoting agents. Here, we report a role for iRhom2 in TACE stimulation on the cell surface. TACE shedding stimuli trigger MAP kinase-dependent phosphorylation of iRhom2 N-terminal cytoplasmic tail. This recruits 14-3-3 proteins, enforcing the dissociation of TACE from complexes with iRhom2, promoting the cleavage of TACE substrates. Our data reveal that iRhom2 controls multiple aspects of TACE biology, including stimulated shedding on the cell surface.

| S-EPMC5656746 | biostudies-literature

Ectodomain shedding of PLA2R1 is mediated by the metalloproteases ADAM10 and ADAM17.

Project description:Phospholipase A2 receptor 1 (PLA2R1) is a 180-kDa transmembrane protein that plays a role in inflammation and cancer and is the major autoantigen in membranous nephropathy, a rare but severe autoimmune kidney disease. A soluble form of PLA2R1 has been detected in mouse and human serum. It is likely produced by proteolytic shedding of membrane-bound PLA2R1 but the mechanism is unknown. Here, we show that human PLA2R1 is cleaved by A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10) and ADAM17 in HEK293 cells, mouse embryonic fibroblasts, and human podocytes. By combining site-directed mutagenesis and sequencing, we determined the exact cleavage site within the extracellular juxtamembrane stalk of human PLA2R1. Orthologs and paralogs of PLA2R1 are also shed. By using pharmacological inhibitors and genetic approaches with RNA interference and knock-out cellular models, we identified a major role of ADAM10 in the constitutive shedding of PLA2R1 and a dual role of ADAM10 and ADAM17 in the stimulated shedding. We did not observe evidence for cleavage by β- or γ-secretase, suggesting that PLA2R1 may not be a substrate for regulated intramembrane proteolysis. PLA2R1 shedding occurs constitutively and can be triggered by the calcium ionophore ionomycin, the protein kinase C activator PMA, cytokines, and lipopolysaccharides, in vitro and in vivo. Altogether, our results show that PLA2R1 is a novel substrate for ADAM10 and ADAM17, producing a soluble form that is increased in inflammatory conditions and likely exerts various functions in physiological and pathophysiological conditions including inflammation, cancer, and membranous nephropathy.

| S-EPMC11301074 | biostudies-literature

ADAM10 mediates shedding of carbonic anhydrase IX ectodomain non‑redundantly to ADAM17.

Project description:Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) is a transmembrane enzyme participating in adaptive responses of tumors to hypoxia and acidosis. CA IX regulates pH, facilitates metabolic reprogramming, and supports migration, invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. Extracellular domain (ECD) of CA IX can be shed to medium and body fluids by a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) 17. Here we show for the first time that CA IX ECD shedding can be also executed by ADAM10, a close relative of ADAM17, via an overlapping cleavage site in the stalk region of CA IX connecting its exofacial catalytic site with the transmembrane region. This finding is supported by biochemical evidence using recombinant human ADAM10 protein, colocalization of ADAM10 with CA IX, ectopic expression of a dominant‑negative mutant of ADAM10 and RNA interference‑mediated suppression of ADAM10. Induction of the CA IX ECD cleavage with ADAM17 and/or ADAM10 activators revealed their additive effect. Similarly, additive effect was observed with an ADAM17‑inhibiting antibody and an ADAM10‑preferential inhibitor GI254023X. These data indicated that ADAM10 is a CA IX sheddase acting on CA IX non‑redundantly to ADAM17.

| S-EPMC9813547 | biostudies-literature

Ectodomain shedding by ADAM17 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17) in canine neutrophils.

Project description:ADAM17 is a transmembrane protease expressed by most cells in humans and mice that cleaves cell surface substrates primarily in a cis manner, a process referred to as ectodomain shedding. ADAM17 has numerous substrates and plays a broad role in various physiological processes, including as a key regulator of inflammation. At this time, little is known about ADAM17 expression and function in dogs. A well-established ADAM17 substrate is the leukocyte adhesion protein CD62L (L-selectin). We show that a selective inhibitor of ADAM17, but not an inhibitor of its most closely related family member ADAM10, blocks CD62L shedding upon canine neutrophil activation. We also tested several anti-human ADAM17 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for staining canine neutrophils. Although most did not recognize canine neutrophils, the mAbs MEDI3622 and D1(A12) did. They also blocked the downregulation of CD62L upon neutrophil activation. MEDI3622 is a human IgG antibody and we found that a canine chimeric version of this mAb also blocked CD62L shedding by canine leukocytes. Taken together, our findings provide the first direct evidence of ADAM17 expression and sheddase activity in dogs, establishing a potential therapeutic target for various inflammatory disorders.

| S-EPMC7769933 | biostudies-literature

iRhom2 regulates ectodomain shedding and surface expression of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I.

Project description:Proteolytic release of transmembrane proteins from the cell surface, the so called ectodomain shedding, is a key process in inflammation. Inactive rhomboid 2 (iRhom2) plays a crucial role in this context, in that it guides maturation and function of the sheddase ADAM17 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17) in immune cells, and, ultimately, its ability to release inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). Yet, the macrophage sheddome of iRhom2/ADAM17, which is the collection of substrates that are released by the proteolytic complex, is only partly known. In this study, we applied high-resolution proteomics to murine and human iRhom2-deficient macrophages for a systematic identification of substrates, and therefore functions, of the iRhom2/ADAM17 proteolytic complex. We found that iRhom2 loss suppressed the release of a group of transmembrane proteins, including known (e.g. CSF1R) and putative novel ADAM17 substrates. In the latter group, shedding of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules (MHC-I) was consistently reduced in both murine and human macrophages when iRhom2 was ablated. Intriguingly, it emerged that in addition to its shedding, iRhom2 could also control surface expression of MHC-I by an undefined mechanism. We have demonstrated the biological significance of this process by using an in vitro model of CD8+ T-cell (CTL) activation. In this model, iRhom2 loss and consequent reduction of MHC-I expression on the cell surface of an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed lymphoblastoid cell line dampened activation of autologous CTLs and their cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Taken together, this study uncovers a new role for iRhom2 in controlling cell surface levels of MHC-I by a dual mechanism that involves regulation of their surface expression and ectodomain shedding.

| S-EPMC10991058 | biostudies-literature

ADAM17 mediates ectodomain shedding of the soluble VLDL receptor fragment in the retinal epithelium.

Project description:Very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) is a multifunctional transmembrane protein. Beyond the function of the full-length VLDLR in lipid transport, the soluble ectodomain of VLDLR (sVLDLR) confers anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenic roles in ocular tissues through inhibition of canonical Wnt signaling. However, it remains unknown how sVLDLR is shed into the extracellular space. In this study, we present the first evidence that a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17) is responsible for sVLDLR shedding in human retinal pigment epithelium cells using pharmacological and genetic approaches. Among selected proteinase inhibitors, an ADAM17 inhibitor demonstrated the most potent inhibitory effect on sVLDLR shedding. siRNA-mediated knockdown or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated KO of ADAM17 diminished, whereas plasmid-mediated overexpression of ADAM17 promoted sVLDLR shedding. The amount of shed sVLDLR correlated with an inhibitory effect on the Wnt signaling pathway. Consistent with these in vitro findings, intravitreal injection of an ADAM17 inhibitor reduced sVLDLR levels in the extracellular matrix in the mouse retina. In addition, our results demonstrated that ADAM17 cleaved VLDLR only in cells coexpressing these proteins, suggesting that shedding occurs in a cis manner. Moreover, our study demonstrated that aberrant activation of Wnt signaling was associated with decreased sVLDLR levels, along with downregulation of ADAM17 in ocular tissues of an age-related macular degeneration model. Taken together, our observations reveal the mechanism underlying VLDLR cleavage and identify a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of disorders associated with dysregulation of Wnt signaling.

| S-EPMC8487060 | biostudies-literature

Mutations in the transmembrane and juxtamembrane domains enhance IL27R transforming activity.

Project description:Cytokines and their receptors regulate haemopoiesis by controlling cellular growth, survival and differentiation. Thus it is not surprising that mutations of cytokine receptors contribute to the formation of haemopoietic disorders, including cancer. We recently identified transforming properties of IL27R, the ligand-binding component of the receptor for interleukin-27. Although wild-type IL27R exhibits transforming properties in haemopoietic cells, in the present study we set out to determine if the transforming activity of IL27R could be enhanced by mutation. We identified three mutations of IL27R that enhance its transforming activity. One of these mutations is a phenylalanine to cysteine mutation at residue 523 (F523C) in the transmembrane domain of the receptor. The two other mutations identified involve deletions of amino acids in the cytoplasmic juxtamembrane region of the receptor. Expression of each of these mutant IL27R proteins led to rapid cytokine-independent transformation in haemopoietic cells. Moreover, the rate of transformation induced by these mutants was significantly greater than that induced by wild-type IL27R. Expression of these IL27R mutants also induced enhanced activation of JAK (Janus kinase)/STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) signalling compared with wild-type. An activating deletion mutation of IL27R enhanced homodimerization of the receptor by a mechanism that may involve disulfide bonding. These transforming IL27R mutants displayed equal or greater transforming activity than bona fide haemopoietic oncogenes such as BCR-ABL (breakpoint cluster region-Abelson murine leukaemia viral oncogene homologue) and JAK2-V617F. Since IL27R is expressed on haemopoietic stem cells, lymphoid cells and myeloid cells, including acute myeloid leukaemia blast cells, mutation of this receptor has the potential to contribute to a variety of haemopoietic neoplasms.

| S-EPMC3145822 | biostudies-literature

PKC? and PKC? regulate ADAM17-mediated ectodomain shedding of heparin binding-EGF through separate pathways.

Project description:Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling is initiated by the release of EGFR-ligands from membrane-anchored precursors, a process termed ectodomain shedding. This proteolytic event, mainly executed by A Disintegrin And Metalloproteases (ADAMs), is regulated by a number of signal transduction pathways, most notably those involving protein kinase C (PKC). However, the molecular mechanisms of PKC-dependent ectodomain shedding of EGFR-ligands, including the involvement of specific PKC isoforms and possible functional redundancy, are poorly understood. To address this issue, we employed a cell-based system of PMA-induced PKC activation coupled with shedding of heparin binding (HB)-EGF. In agreement with previous studies, we demonstrated that PMA triggers a rapid ADAM17-mediated release of HB-EGF. However, PMA-treatment also results in a protease-independent loss of cell surface HB-EGF. We identified PKC? as the key participant in the activation of ADAM17 and suggest that it acts in parallel with a pathway linking PKC? and ERK activity. While PKC? specifically regulated PMA-induced shedding, PKC? and ERK influenced both constitutive and inducible shedding by apparently affecting the level of HB-EGF on the cell surface. Together, these findings indicate the existence of multiple modes of regulation controlling EGFR-ligand availability and subsequent EGFR signal transduction.

| S-EPMC3046143 | biostudies-literature

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