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Male partner testing and sexual behaviour following provision of multiple HIV self-tests to Kenyan women at higher risk of HIV infection in a cluster randomized trial.

ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION:Without significant increases in uptake of HIV testing among men, it will be difficult to reduce HIV incidence to disease elimination levels. Secondary distribution of HIV self-tests by women to their male partners is a promising approach for increasing male testing that is being implemented in several countries. Here, we examine male partner and couples testing outcomes and sexual decision making associated with this approach in a cluster randomized trial. METHODS:We examined data from women at higher risk of HIV participating in the intervention arm of an ongoing pair-matched cluster randomized trial in Kenya. HIV-negative women ?18 years who self-reported ?2 partners in the past month were eligible. Participants received self-tests at enrolment and three-monthly intervals. They were encouraged to offer tests to sexual partners with whom they anticipated condomless sex. At six months, we collected data on self-test distribution, male partner and couples testing, and testing and sexual behaviour in the three most recent transactional sex encounters. We used descriptive analyses and generalized estimating equation models to understand how sexual behaviour was influenced by self-test distribution. RESULTS:From January 2018 to April 2019, 921/1057 (87%) participants completed six-month follow-up. Average age was 28 years, 65% were married, and 72% reported income through sex work. Participants received 7283 self-tests over six months, a median of eight per participant. Participants offered a median three self-tests to sexual partners. Of participants with a primary partner, 94% offered them a self-test. Of these, 97% accepted the test. When accepted, couples testing was reported among 91% of participants. Among 1954 transactional sex encounters, 64% included an offer to self-test. When offered self-tests were accepted by 93% of partners, and 84% who accepted conducted couples testing. Compared to partners with an HIV-negative result, condom use was higher when men had a reactive result (56.3% vs. 89.7%, p < 0.01), were not offered a self-test (56.3% vs. 62.0%, p = 0.02), or refused to self-test (56.3% vs. 78.3, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS:Providing women with multiple self-tests facilitated male partner and couples testing, and led to safer sexual behaviour. These findings suggest secondary distribution is a promising approach for reaching men and has HIV prevention potential. Clinical Trial Number: NCT03135067.

SUBMITTER: Napierala S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7319153 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Male partner testing and sexual behaviour following provision of multiple HIV self-tests to Kenyan women at higher risk of HIV infection in a cluster randomized trial.

Napierala Sue S Bair Elizabeth F EF Marcus Noora N Ochwal Perez P Maman Suzanne S Agot Kawango K Thirumurthy Harsha H

Journal of the International AIDS Society 20200601

<h4>Introduction</h4>Without significant increases in uptake of HIV testing among men, it will be difficult to reduce HIV incidence to disease elimination levels. Secondary distribution of HIV self-tests by women to their male partners is a promising approach for increasing male testing that is being implemented in several countries. Here, we examine male partner and couples testing outcomes and sexual decision making associated with this approach in a cluster randomized trial.<h4>Methods</h4>We ...[more]

PMID: 32589354

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Project description:BackgroundHIV self-testing can overcome barriers to HIV testing, but its potential as an HIV prevention strategy for women in sub-Saharan Africa has not been assessed. We examined whether sustained provision of self-tests to women promotes testing among sexual partners and reduces HIV incidence.MethodsWe conducted a pair-matched cluster-randomised trial in 66 community clusters in Siaya County, Kenya. Clusters were communities with a high prevalence of transactional sex, including beach communities along Lake Victoria and inland communities with hotspots for transactional sex such as bars and hotels. Within clusters, we recruited HIV-negative women aged 18 years or older with two or more sexual partners within the past 4 weeks. In each of the 33 cluster pairs, we randomly assigned clusters to an intervention and comparison group. In intervention clusters, we provided participants with multiple self-tests at regular intervals and encouraged secondary distribution of self-tests to sexual partners. In comparison clusters, we provided participants referral cards for facility-based testing. Follow-up visits and HIV testing occurred at 6-month intervals for up to 24 months. The primary outcome of HIV incidence among all participants who contributed at least one HIV test was analysed using discrete-time mixed effects models. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03135067.FindingsBetween June 4, 2017, and Aug 31, 2018, we enrolled 2090 participants (1033 in the 33 intervention clusters and 1057 in the 33 comparison clusters). Participants' median age was 25 years (IQR 22-31) and 1390 (66·6%) of 2086 participants reported sex work as an income source. 1840 participants completed the 18-month follow-up and 570 participants completed the 24-month follow up, which ended on March 25, 2020, with a median follow-up duration of 17·6 months. HIV incidence was not significantly different between the intervention and comparison groups (1·2 vs 1·0 per 100 person-years; hazard ratio 1·2, 95% CI 0·6-2·3, p=0·64). Social harms related to study participation occurred in three participants (two in the intervention group and one in the comparison group).InterpretationSustained provision of multiple self-tests to women at high risk of HIV infection in Kenya enabled secondary distribution of self-tests to sexual partners but did not affect HIV incidence.FundingNational Institute of Mental Health; Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics; National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases; University of Pennsylvania Center for AIDS Research.

Project description:BackgroundHIV self-testing allows HIV testing at any place and time and without health workers. HIV self-testing may thus be particularly useful for female sex workers (FSWs), who should test frequently but face stigma and financial and time barriers when accessing healthcare facilities.Methods and findingsWe conducted a cluster-randomized controlled health systems trial among FSWs in Kampala, Uganda, to measure the effect of 2 HIV self-testing delivery models on HIV testing and linkage to care outcomes. FSW peer educator groups (1 peer educator and 8 participants) were randomized to either (1) direct provision of HIV self-tests, (2) provision of coupons for free collection of HIV self-tests in a healthcare facility, or (3) standard of care HIV testing. We randomized 960 participants in 120 peer educator groups from October 18, 2016, to November 16, 2016. Participants' median age was 28 years (IQR 24-32). Our prespecified primary outcomes were self-report of any HIV testing at 1 month and at 4 months; our prespecified secondary outcomes were self-report of HIV self-test use, seeking HIV-related medical care and ART initiation. In addition, we analyzed 2 secondary outcomes that were not prespecified: self-report of repeat HIV testing-to understand the intervention effects on frequent testing-and self-reported facility-based testing-to quantify substitution effects. Participants in the direct provision arm were significantly more likely to have tested for HIV than those in the standard of care arm, both at 1 month (risk ratio [RR] 1.33, 95% CI 1.17-1.51, p < 0.001) and at 4 months (RR 1.14, 95% CI 1.07-1.22, p < 0.001). Participants in the direct provision arm were also significantly more likely to have tested for HIV than those in the facility collection arm, both at 1 month (RR 1.18, 95% CI 1.07-1.31, p = 0.001) and at 4 months (RR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01-1.05, p = 0.02). At 1 month, fewer participants in the intervention arms had sought medical care for HIV than in the standard of care arm, but these differences were not significant and were reduced in magnitude at 4 months. There were no statistically significant differences in ART initiation across study arms. At 4 months, participants in the direct provision arm were significantly more likely to have tested twice for HIV than those in the standard of care arm (RR 1.51, 95% CI 1.29-1.77, p < 0.001) and those in the facility collection arm (RR 1.22, 95% CI 1.08-1.37, p = 0.001). Participants in the HIV self-testing arms almost completely replaced facility-based testing with self-testing. Two adverse events related to HIV self-testing were reported: interpersonal violence and mental distress. Study limitations included self-reported outcomes and limited generalizability beyond FSWs in similar settings.ConclusionsIn this study, HIV self-testing appeared to be safe and increased recent and repeat HIV testing among FSWs. We found that direct provision of HIV self-tests was significantly more effective in increasing HIV testing among FSWs than passively offering HIV self-tests for collection in healthcare facilities. HIV self-testing could play an important role in supporting HIV interventions that require frequent HIV testing, such as HIV treatment as prevention, behavior change for transmission reduction, and pre-exposure prophylaxis.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT02846402.

Project description:Sexual behaviour of adolescents is contextual, with various determinants affecting sexual activity and age of sexual debut. Insight into sexual activity among young adolescents has the potential to influence appropriate sexual and reproductive health interventions. For this analysis, adolescents were recruited as part of the Tumaini smartphone game efficacy trial. Data collection included a self-administered behavioural survey and blood test for HIV and HSV-2. Descriptive statistics were calculated for demographics and measures of sexual behaviour and behavioural intent based on gender and sexual experience, with associations assessed using chi-square tests, t-tests and Wilcoxon rank sum tests as appropriate. We enrolled 996 adolescents, mean age 14 years and 2.2% HSV-2 positivity. Overall, 15% of the adolescents were sexually experienced, this being associated with lower socio-economic status (p = 0.01), household food insecurity (p = 0.008), a living situation without both parents (p < 0.01), substance use (p = 0.02), no adult conversation about future goals (p = 0.003), conversations about condoms (p = 0.01), with some gender disparity within these factors. Among those sexually experienced, 21.7% reported unwilling sex; 17.5% had engaged in transactional sex; 57.8% had willing first sex, of whom 60.9% reported no condom use. Among those abstaining, female adolescents were less likely to contemplate condom use at first sex (p = 0.006). Our findings determine that young sexually active adolescents are likely engaging in unprotected sex and having unwilling sexual experiences. Socio-economic status, living situation and parental monitoring remain significant factors associated with sexual experience among young adolescents. In this context, early adolescence is an opportunity to provide age- and developmentally appropriate education about safer sex practices.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04437667.

Dataset Information

Male partner testing and sexual behaviour following provision of multiple HIV self-tests to Kenyan women at higher risk of HIV infection in a cluster randomized trial.

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Male partner testing and sexual behaviour following provision of multiple HIV self-tests to Kenyan women at higher risk of HIV infection in a cluster randomized trial.

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