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Sub-acute toxicity study of methanol extract of Tetrorchidium didymostemon leaves using biochemical analyses and gene expression in Wistar rats.

ABSTRACT: Tetrorchidium didymostemon is widely used by traditional medicine practitioners to manage and treat several diseases. Despite its known ethnomedicinal uses, there are no scientific studies on the toxic effects of this plant. This study was performed to evaluate the potential toxicity of methanol extracts Tetrorchidium didymostemon leaves through sub-acute oral administration in rats. Twenty four (24) male albino rats (Wistar strain) of average weight 150 ± 20 g were randomly divided into 4 groups of 6 rats each. Group 1 was the control while groups 2, 3 and 4 were administered 100, 300 and 600 mg/kg body weight of the plant extracts respectively for 14 consecutively days. The extract did not induce any treatment related changes in body weight, organ/body weight ratio, biochemical parameters (aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, total protein, albumin, creatinine and urea), oxidative stress indices (malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione) and histopathology (liver and kidney) of the treated groups when compared to the control. However, at 600 mg/kg body weight dose, the extract caused a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in hemoglobin level, packed cell volume and the expression of albumin gene of rats. Similarly, at 300 and 600 mg/kg body weight, the extract also caused a non-significant (p > 0.05) decrease in red blood cell count. Furthermore, the extract at 100 and 300 mg/kg body weight induced a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the expression of tumor necrosis factor - alpha and kidney injury molecule - 1 (KIM-1) genes. Catalase gene expression especially in the kidney was up-regulated in the groups administered the extract. Our study suggests that oral administration of T. didymostemon leaves extract is relatively safe. However, there is need for caution due to the observed changes in hematological profile, up-regulation of KIM-1 genes as well as down regulation of albumin gene.

SUBMITTER: Ebohon O

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7327260 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Sub-acute toxicity study of methanol extract of Tetrorchidium didymostemon leaves using biochemical analyses and gene expression in Wistar rats.

Ebohon Osamudiamen O Irabor Francis F Omoregie Ehimwenma Sheena ES

Heliyon 20200627 6

Tetrorchidium didymostemon is widely used by traditional medicine practitioners to manage and treat several diseases. Despite its known ethnomedicinal uses, there are no scientific studies on the toxic effects of this plant. This study was performed to evaluate the potential toxicity of methanol extracts Tetrorchidium didymostemon leaves through sub-acute oral administration in rats. Twenty four (24) male albino rats (Wistar strain) of average weight 150 ± 20 g were randomly divide ...[more]

PMID: 32637701

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Project description:BackgroundSeveral local communities in Central, Western, Eastern, and Northern regions of Uganda have been using the whole leaf extracts of Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. (Asphodelaceae) in the treatment of various ailments. Also, several commercial companies sell A. vera as soft drinks in Uganda. However, there are inadequate reports on the toxicities of such preparations. This paper reports the acute and sub-acute oral toxicity of aqueous extracts of whole leaf and green rind of A. vera in Wistar rats.MethodsAcute oral toxicity test was carried out in female Wistar rats at doses of 175, 550, 1750, and 5000 mg/kg, p.o. The animals were observed for signs of toxicity for 14 days. Similarly, a sub-acute oral toxicity test was performed in both sexes of rats at doses of 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg, p.o. daily for 28 days. All the groups of animals were monitored for behavioral, morphological, biochemical, and physiological changes, including mortality and compared with respective controls. Body weights were measured weekly while the animals' relative organ weights, hematological, biochemical, gross, and microscopic pathology were examined on day 29.ResultsThere was no mortality or apparent behavioral changes at the doses tested in acute and sub-acute oral toxicity tests. Thus, the Median Lethal Dose (LD50) of green rind and whole leaf aqueous extracts was above 5000 mg/kg. Gross anatomy revealed that the rats' relative spleen weight in green rind extract at 200 mg/kg significantly decreased compared to the control group. The creatinine levels in female rats that received green rind extract and the chloride ion levels in male rats administered whole leaf extract were significantly elevated. Conversely, Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) levels significantly decreased at lower doses of the green rind extract compared to the control. Histopathology of the kidney revealed the renal interstitium's inflammation at doses of 200 and 800 mg/kg of the whole leaf extract.ConclusionThe findings demonstrated that A. vera green rind and whole leaf extracts are non-toxic at relatively high doses when used for a short duration. Prolonged use of the aqueous whole leaf extract might be associated with kidney toxicity.

Project description:Background:Combretum micranthum (CM) (Combretaceae) is widely used in traditional medicine throughout West Africa for the treatment of diabetes, hypertension, inﬂammation, malaria and liver ailments. In our recent research we demonstrated that CM has nephroprotective potentials in diabetes mellitus, hypertension and renal disorders. However, to the best of our knowledge, no systematic study concerning its toxicity proﬁle has been reported. Aim of the study:The study carried out to evaluates the potential toxicity of the hydroalcoholic extract from leaves of the CM, through the method of acute and sub-chronic oral administration in rats. Materials and methods:During the acute toxicity study, male and female rats were orally administrated with CM extract at single doses of 5000 mg/kg (n = 5/group/sex). Abnormal behaviour, toxic symptoms, weight, and death were observed for 14 consecutive days to assess the acute toxicity. For sub-chronic toxicity study, the extract was administered orally at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg (n = 5/group/sex) daily to Wistar rats for 28 days. The general behaviour and body weight of the rats was observed daily. A biochemical, haematological, macroscopical and histopathological examinations of several organs were conducted at the end of the treatment period. The CM extract was subjected to Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometric examination in order to detect the presence or absence of cyanide toxic compounds. Results:The absence of absorbance peaks between the 2220-2260 cm-1 region of FT-IR spectrum of CM, indicating the absence of cyanide groups. This suggested that the CM extract may not contain toxic substances. During the acute toxicity test, no mortality or adverse effects were noted at the dose of 5000 mg/kg. In the subchronic study, the CM extract induced no mortality or treatment-related adverse effects with regard to body weight, general behaviour, relative organ weights, hematological, and biochemical parameters. Histopathological examination of vital organs showed normal architecture suggesting no morphological alterations. Conclusion:The present study revealed that oral administration of CM extract for 28 days, at dosage up to 1000 mg/kg did not induce toxicological damage in rats. From acute toxicity study, the median lethal dose (LD50) of the extract was estimated to be more than 5000 mg/kg.

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Sub-acute toxicity study of methanol extract of Tetrorchidium didymostemon leaves using biochemical analyses and gene expression in Wistar rats.

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Sub-acute toxicity study of methanol extract of <i>Tetrorchidium didymostemon</i> leaves using biochemical analyses and gene expression in Wistar rats.

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