Dataset Information

Swimming Performance and Oxygen Consumption as Non-lethal Indicators of Production Traits in Atlantic Salmon and Gilthead Seabream.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to investigate swimming performance and oxygen consumption as non-lethal indicator traits of production parameters in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. and Gilthead seabream Sparus aurata L. A total of 34 individual fish of each species were subjected to a series of experiments: (1) a critical swimming speed (Ucrit) test in a swim-gutter, followed by (2) two starvation-refeeding periods of 42 days, and (3) swimming performance experiments coupled to respirometry in swim-tunnels. Ucrit was assessed first to test it as a predictor trait. Starvation-refeeding traits included body weight; feed conversion ratio based on dry matter; residual feed intake; average daily weight gain and loss. Swim-tunnel respirometry provided oxygen consumption in rest and while swimming at the different speeds, optimal swim speed and minimal cost of transport (COT). After experiments, fish were dissected and measured for tissue weights and body composition in terms of dry matter, ash, fat, protein and moist, and energy content. The Ucrit test design was able to provide individual Ucrit values in high throughput manner. The residual Ucrit (RUcrit) should be considered in order to remove the size dependency of swimming performance. Most importantly, RUcrit predicted filet yield in both species. The minimal COT, the oxygen consumption when swimming at Uopt, added predictive value to the seabream model for feed intake.

SUBMITTER: Palstra AP

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7358457 | biostudies-literature | 2020

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Swimming Performance and Oxygen Consumption as Non-lethal Indicators of Production Traits in Atlantic Salmon and Gilthead Seabream.

Palstra Arjan P AP Kals Jeroen J Böhm Thijs T Bastiaansen John W M JWM Komen Hans H

Frontiers in physiology 20200707

The aim of this study was to investigate swimming performance and oxygen consumption as non-lethal indicator traits of production parameters in Atlantic salmon <i>Salmo salar</i> L. and Gilthead seabream <i>Sparus aurata</i> L. A total of 34 individual fish of each species were subjected to a series of experiments: (1) a critical swimming speed (Ucrit) test in a swim-gutter, followed by (2) two starvation-refeeding periods of 42 days, and (3) swimming performance experiments coupled to respirome ...[more]

PMID: 32733272

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Project description:Sustained exercise promotes growth in different fish species, and in gilthead seabream we have demonstrated that it improves nutrient use efficiency. This study assesses for differences in growth rate, tissue composition and energy metabolism in gilthead seabream juveniles fed two diets: high-protein (HP; 54% protein, 15% lipid) or high energy (HE; 50% protein, 20% lipid), under voluntary swimming (VS) or moderate-to-low-intensity sustained swimming (SS) for 6 weeks. HE fed fish under VS conditions showed lower body weight and higher muscle lipid content than HP fed fish, but no differences between the two groups were observed under SS conditions. Irrespective of the swimming regime, the white muscle stable isotopes profile of the HE group revealed increased nitrogen and carbon turnovers. Nitrogen fractionation increased in the HP fed fish under SS, indicating enhanced dietary protein oxidation. Hepatic gene expression markers of energy metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis showed clear differences between the two diets under VS: a significant shift in the COX/CS ratio, modifications in UCPs, and downregulation of PGC1a in the HE-fed fish. Swimming induced mitochondrial remodeling through upregulation of fusion and fission markers, and removing almost all the differences observed under VS. In the HE-fed fish, white skeletal muscle benefited from the increased energy demand, amending the oxidative uncoupling produced under the VS condition by an excess of lipids and the pro-fission state observed in mitochondria. Contrarily, red muscle revealed more tolerant to the energy content of the HE diet, even under VS conditions, with higher expression of oxidative enzymes (COX and CS) without any sign of mitochondrial stress or mitochondrial biogenesis induction. Furthermore, this tissue had enough plasticity to shift its metabolism under higher energy demand (SS), again equalizing the differences observed between diets under VS condition. Globally, the balance between dietary nutrients affects mitochondrial regulation due to their use as energy fuels, but exercise corrects imbalances allowing practical diets with lower protein and higher lipid content without detrimental effects.

Project description:Cardiac muscle is a principal target organ for exercise-induced acclimation mechanisms in fish and mammals, given that sustained aerobic exercise training improves cardiac output. Yet, the molecular mechanisms underlying such cardiac acclimation have been scarcely investigated in teleosts. Consequently, we studied mechanisms related to cardiac growth, contractility, vascularization, energy metabolism and myokine production in Atlantic salmon pre-smolts resulting from 10 weeks exercise-training at three different swimming intensities: 0.32 (control), 0.65 (medium intensity) and 1.31 (high intensity) body lengths s(-1). Cardiac responses were characterized using growth, immunofluorescence and qPCR analysis of a large number of target genes encoding proteins with significant and well-characterized function. The overall stimulatory effect of exercise on cardiac muscle was dependent on training intensity, with changes elicited by high intensity training being of greater magnitude than either medium intensity or control. Higher protein levels of PCNA were indicative of cardiac growth being driven by cardiomyocyte hyperplasia, while elevated cardiac mRNA levels of MEF2C, GATA4 and ACTA1 suggested cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. In addition, up-regulation of EC coupling-related genes suggested that exercised hearts may have improved contractile function, while higher mRNA levels of EPO and VEGF were suggestive of a more efficient oxygen supply network. Furthermore, higher mRNA levels of PPAR?, PGC1? and CPT1 all suggested a higher capacity for lipid oxidation, which along with a significant enlargement of mitochondrial size in cardiac myocytes of the compact layer of fish exercised at high intensity, suggested an enhanced energetic support system. Training also elevated transcription of a set of myokines and other gene products related to the inflammatory process, such as TNF?, NF?B, COX2, IL1RA and TNF decoy receptor. This study provides the first characterization of the underlying molecular acclimation mechanisms in the heart of exercise-trained fish, which resemble those reported for mammalian physiological cardiac growth.

Project description:Predicted future warming of aquatic environments could make fish vulnerable to naturally occurring fasting periods during migration between feeding and spawning sites, as these endeavours become energetically more expensive. In this study, Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) acclimated to midrange (9°C) or elevated suboptimal (18°C) temperatures were subjected to critical (Ucrit) and sustained (4 hours at 80% Ucrit) swimming trials before and after 4 weeks of fasting. Fasting caused weight losses of 7.3% and 8.3% at 9°C and 18°C, respectively. The Ucrit was unaffected by fasting, but higher at 18°C. Fatigue was associated with higher plasma cortisol, osmolality, Na+ and Cl- at 18°C, and ionic disturbances were higher in fasted fish. All fish completed the sustained swim trials while maintaining constant oxygen uptake rates (ṀO2), indicating strictly aerobic swimming efforts. At low swimming speeds ṀO2 was downregulated in fasted fish by 23.8% and 15.6% at 9°C and 18°C, respectively, likely as an adaptation to preserve resources. However, at higher speeds ṀO2 became similar to fed fish showing that maximum metabolic rates were maintained. The changes in ṀO2 lowered costs of transport and optimal swimming speeds in fasted fish at both temperatures, but these energetic alterations were smaller at 18°C while routine ṀO2 was 57% higher than at 9°C. As such, this study shows that Atlantic salmon maintain both glycolytic and aerobic swimming capacities after extended fasting, even at elevated suboptimal temperatures, and adaptive metabolic downregulation provides increased swimming efficiency in fasted fish. Although, improved swimming energetics were smaller when fasting at the higher temperature while metabolism becomes elevated. This could affect migration success in warming climates, especially when considering interactions with other costly activities such as coping with parasites obtained when passing aquaculture sites during seaward travel or gonad development while being voluntarily anorexic during upriver travel to spawning grounds.

Dataset Information

Swimming Performance and Oxygen Consumption as Non-lethal Indicators of Production Traits in Atlantic Salmon and Gilthead Seabream.

Publications

Swimming Performance and Oxygen Consumption as Non-lethal Indicators of Production Traits in Atlantic Salmon and Gilthead Seabream.

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