The association of hypertension, hypertension duration, and control with incident heart failure in black and white adults.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Mefford MT
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7359908 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Few studies have assessed the association of resting heart rate (RHR) through young adulthood with incident hypertension by middle age. We investigated the association between RHR measured over 30 years with incident hypertension in a cohort of young Black and White men and women. A joint longitudinal time-to-event model consisting of a mixed random effects submodel, quadratic in follow-up time, and a survival submodel adjusted for confounders, was used to determine hazard ratios for a 10 bpm higher RHR. Race-sex specific effects were examined in a single joint model that included interactions of race-sex groups with longitudinal RHR. Out of 5115 participants enrolled in year 0 (1985-1986), after excluding prevalent cases of hypertension at baseline, 1615 men and 2273 women were included in the analytic cohort. Hypertension event rates per 1000 person-years were 42.5 and 25.7 in Black and White men, respectively, and 36.2 and 15.3 in Black and White women, respectively. The hazard ratios for a 10 bpm higher RHR were 1.47 (95% CI, 1.23-1.75), 1.51 (95% CI, 1.28-1.78), 1.48 (95% CI, 1.26-1.73), and 1.02, (95% CI, 0.89-1.17) for Black men, White men, White women, and Black women, respectively. Higher RHR during young adulthood is associated with a greater risk of incident hypertension by middle age. The association is similarly strong in Black men, White men, and White women, but absent in Black women, which may suggest racial differences in the effect of sympathetic nervous activity on hypertension among women.
| S-EPMC7430042 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveTo examine racial differences in sleep duration and its relationship with diabetes.Research design and methodsWe used data from a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults (n = 130,943) participating in the National Health Interview Survey from 2004 to 2011. Usual sleep duration was self-reported and categorized as <7 h (short), 7 h (optimal), and >7 h (long). Diabetes status was based on self-reported diagnosis from a health professional.ResultsParticipants' mean age was 50.6 years, 49% were men, and 13% were black. Compared with whites, blacks were more likely to report short sleep (37 vs. 28%) and less likely to get 7 h of sleep (24 vs. 33%). Diabetes (9,643 cases [9%] in whites and 3,612 cases [15%] in blacks) had a U-shaped distribution with sleep in whites (10, 7, and 9%, for short, optimal, and long sleep, respectively) and blacks (16, 13, and 15%). Suboptimal sleep duration was more strongly associated with diabetes in whites than in blacks among short (prevalence ratio 1.49 [95% CI 1.40-1.58] vs. 1.21 [1.09-1.34]) and long (1.32 [1.25-1.40] vs. 1.11 [1.00-1.23]) sleepers on the relative scale. Adjustment for socioeconomic status (SES) attenuated the short sleep-diabetes association in blacks (1.15 [1.02-1.29]), and the racial/ethnic difference in the short sleep-diabetes association became nonsignificant after SES adjustments.ConclusionsSuboptimal sleep duration was positively associated with diabetes in blacks and whites, although diabetes prevalence was higher at any level of sleep in blacks. Socioeconomic factors appear to partly explain the association for short sleep in blacks as well as disparity between racial groups.
| S-EPMC3816913 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundIncreased left ventricular (LV) mass is associated with adverse cardiovascular events including heart failure (HF). Both increased LV mass and HF disproportionately affect Black individuals. To understand the underlying mechanisms, we undertook a proteomic screen in a Black cohort and compared the findings to results from a White cohort.MethodsWe measured 1305 plasma proteins using the SomaScan platform in 1772 Black participants (mean age, 56 years; 62% women) in JHS (Jackson Heart Study) with LV mass assessed by 2-dimensional echocardiography. Incident HF was assessed in 1600 participants. We then compared protein associations in JHS to those observed in White participants from FHS (Framingham Heart Study; mean age, 54 years; 56% women).ResultsIn JHS, there were 110 proteins associated with LV mass and 13 proteins associated with incident HF hospitalization with false discovery rate <5% after multivariable adjustment. Several proteins showed expected associations with both LV mass and HF, including NT-proBNP (N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; β=0.04; P=2×10-8; hazard ratio, 1.48; P=0.0001). The strongest association with LV mass was novel: LKHA4 (leukotriene-A4 hydrolase; β=0.05; P=5×10-15). This association was confirmed on an alternate proteomics platform and further supported by related metabolomic data. Fractalkine/CX3CL1 (C-X3-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 1) showed a novel association with incident HF (hazard ratio, 1.32; P=0.0002). While established biomarkers such as cystatin C and NT-proBNP showed consistent associations in Black and White individuals, LKHA4 and fractalkine were significantly different between the two groups.ConclusionsWe identified several novel biological pathways specific to Black adults hypothesized to contribute to the pathophysiologic cascade of LV hypertrophy and incident HF including LKHA4 and fractalkine.
| S-EPMC8497179 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ImportanceA genetic variant in the TTR gene (rs76992529; Val122Ile), present more commonly in individuals with African ancestry (population frequency: 3%-4%), causes misfolding of the tetrameric transthyretin protein complex that accumulates as extracellular amyloid fibrils and results in hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis.ObjectiveTo estimate the association of the amyloidogenic Val122Ile TTR variant with the risk of heart failure and mortality in a large, geographically diverse cohort of Black individuals.Design, setting, and participantsRetrospective population-based cohort study of 7514 self-identified Black individuals living in the US participating in the REGARDS (Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke) study with genetic data available and without heart failure at baseline. The participants were enrolled at the baseline visit (2003-2007). The end of follow-up for the majority of outcomes was on December 31, 2018. All-cause mortality data were available through December 31, 2020.ExposuresTTR Val122Ile (rs76992529) genotype.Main outcome and measuresThe primary outcome was incident heart failure (first hospitalization for heart failure or death due to heart failure). The secondary outcomes were heart failure mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and all-cause mortality. The multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were adjusted for genetic ancestry and demographic, clinical, and social factors.ResultsAmong 7514 Black participants (median age, 64 years [IQR, 57-70 years]; 61% women), the population frequency of the TTR Val122Ile variant was 3.1% (232 variant carriers and 7282 noncarriers). During a median follow-up of 11.1 years (IQR, 5.9-13.5 years), incident heart failure occurred in 535 individuals (34 variant carriers and 501 noncarriers) and the incidence of heart failure was 15.64 per 1000 person-years among variant carriers vs 7.16 per 1000 person-years among noncarriers (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 2.43 [95% CI, 1.71-3.46]; P < .001). Deaths due to heart failure occurred in 141 individuals (13 variant carriers and 128 noncarriers) and the incidence of heart failure mortality was 6.11 per 1000 person-years among variant carriers vs 1.85 per 1000 person-years among noncarriers (adjusted HR, 4.19 [95% CI, 2.33-7.54]; P < .001). Deaths due to cardiovascular causes occurred in 793 individuals (34 variant carriers and 759 noncarriers) and the incidence of cardiovascular death was 15.18 per 1000 person-years among variant carriers vs 10.61 per 1000 person-years among noncarriers (adjusted HR, 1.69 [95% CI, 1.19-2.39]; P = .003). Deaths due to any cause occurred in 2715 individuals (100 variant carriers and 2615 noncarriers) and the incidence of all-cause mortality was 41.46 per 1000 person-years among variant carriers vs 33.94 per 1000 person-years among noncarriers (adjusted HR, 1.46 [95% CI, 1.19-1.78]; P < .001). There was no significant interaction between TTR variant carrier status and sex on incident heart failure and the secondary outcomes.Conclusions and relevanceAmong a cohort of Black individuals living in the US, being a carrier of the TTR Val122Ile variant was significantly associated with an increased risk of heart failure.
| S-EPMC8981072 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background Chronic psychological stress has been associated with hypertension, but few studies have examined this relationship in blacks. We examined the association between perceived stress levels assessed annually for up to 13 years and incident hypertension in the Jackson Heart Study, a community-based cohort of blacks. Methods and Results Analyses included 1829 participants without hypertension at baseline (Exam 1, 2000-2004). Incident hypertension was defined as blood pressure≥140/90 mm Hg or antihypertensive medication use at Exam 2 (2005-2008) or Exam 3 (2009-2012). Each follow-up interval at risk of hypertension was categorized as low, moderate, or high perceived stress based on the number of annual assessments between exams in which participants reported "a lot" or "extreme" stress over the previous year (low, 0 high stress ratings; moderate, 1 high stress rating; high, ≥2 high stress ratings). During follow-up (median, 7.0 years), hypertension incidence was 48.5%. Hypertension developed in 30.6% of intervals with low perceived stress, 34.6% of intervals with moderate perceived stress, and 38.2% of intervals with high perceived stress. Age-, sex-, and time-adjusted risk ratios (95% CI) associated with moderate and high perceived stress versus low perceived stress were 1.19 (1.04-1.37) and 1.37 (1.20-1.57), respectively (P trend<0.001). The association was present after adjustment for demographic, clinical, and behavioral factors and baseline stress (P trend=0.001). Conclusions In a community-based cohort of blacks, higher perceived stress over time was associated with an increased risk of developing hypertension. Evaluating stress levels over time and intervening when high perceived stress is persistent may reduce hypertension risk.
| S-EPMC6898810 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:Staging criteria for heart failure (HF) range from stage 0 (without risk) to being at risk (stage A) to presence of cardiac structural/functional abnormalities (stage B) to symptomatic/end stage (stages C/D). There are limited data on the prevalence of these stages in early adulthood and predictors of HF stage and symptoms in middle age. METHODS AND RESULTS:The CARDIA study (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults)-a cohort of generally healthy black and white men and women-collected phenotypic, echocardiographic, and outcomes data at the year 5 and year 30 examinations when participants were 22 to 37 and 47 to 62 years of age. Prevalence of HF stages was calculated and relationship of year 5 stage to year 30 classification and outcomes was assessed. At year 5, 2189 participants had complete data. Prevalence of HF stage A/B increased from 24% to 76% in black men, from 13% to 64% in white men, from 34% to 81% in black women, and from 13% to 56% in white women. Blacks were more likely to be in any stage or with morbidity at both time points because of higher risk factor prevalence. Of 33 participants with HF or HF deaths by year 30, 21 (64%) had been in stage A or B at year 5. Only 6 participants at year 5 in stage A (at risk) improved risk status at year 30. CONCLUSIONS:Risk for HF increased in participants from 1990 (age 22-37 years) to 2015 (age 47-62 years). Symptomatic HF or death from HF is associated with HF stage at 22 to 37 years of age. Blacks are disproportionately affected.
| S-EPMC6741433 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background The prognostic value of anthropometric, adipokine, and computed tomography measures of adiposity to predict diabetes in Black, specifically by normoglycemia versus prediabetes, remains incompletely understood. Methods and Results Among Black participants without diabetes in the JHS (Jackson Heart Study), waist circumference [WC], body mass index, adiponectin, leptin, and leptin:adiponectin ratio were standardized in sample 1 (2422 participants at baseline [2000-2004]) and WC, body mass index, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), subcutaneous adipose tissue, and liver attenuation in 1537 participants at examination 2 (2005-2008) (sample 2). Hazard ratios (HRs) for diabetes were estimated using interval-censored Cox modeling adjusting for traditional risk factors and validated with the C index. Over 5 years, 300 and 122 incident diabetes cases occurred in sample 1 and sample 2, respectively. In sample 1 and sample 2, a 1-SD higher log-leptin:adiponectin ratio and VAT had the strongest associations (HR, 1.95 [95% CI, 1.67-2.27] and 1.76 [95% CI, 1.52-2.04]) and discriminatory power (C index 0.68 [95% CI, 0.64-0.71] and C index 0.67 [95% CI, 0.61-0.74]) with diabetes. The normoglycemic compared with the prediabetes group had a 1.3 to 1.9 times greater magnitude of associations with diabetes for WC, liver attenuation, and VAT (P interaction <0.10). In sample 2, C indices for WC (HR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.73-0.95), VAT (HR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.85-0.98), and liver attenuation (HR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.77-1.00) were greater than HbA1c (HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.57-0.90) in normoglycemia, whereas HbA1c was best in prediabetes (HR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.66-0.78). Conclusions Overall, among Black adults, multiple measures of adiposity were associated with incident diabetes with modest predictive ability. In Black patients with normoglycemia, WC, liver attenuation, and VAT may appropriately identify those at high risk for diabetes, whereas HbA1c was the best predictor in individuals with prediabetes.
| S-EPMC8649535 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Importance:The high prevalence of hypertension among the US black population is a major contributor to disparities in life expectancy; however, the causes for higher incidence of hypertension among black adults are unknown. Objective:To evaluate potential factors associated with higher risk of incident hypertension among black adults. Design, Setting, and Participants:Prospective cohort study of black and white adults selected from a longitudinal cohort study of 30 239 participants as not having hypertension at baseline (2003-2007) and participating in a follow-up visit 9.4 years (median) later. Exposures:There were 12 clinical and social factors, including score for the Southern diet (range, -4.5 to 8.2; higher values reflect higher level of adherence to the dietary pattern), including higher fried and related food intake. Main Outcomes and Measures:Incident hypertension (systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg, or use of antihypertensive medications) at the follow-up visit. Results:Of 6897 participants (mean [SD] age, 62 [8] years; 26% were black adults; and 55% were women), 46% of black participants and 33% of white participants developed hypertension. Black men had an adjusted mean Southern diet score of 0.81 (95% CI, 0.72 to 0.90); white men, -0.26 (95% CI, -0.31 to -0.21); black women, 0.27 (95% CI, 0.20 to 0.33); and white women, -0.57 (95% CI, -0.61 to -0.54). The Southern diet score was significantly associated with incident hypertension for men (odds ratio [OR], 1.16 per 1 SD [95% CI, 1.06 to 1.27]; incidence of 32.4% at the 25th percentile and 36.1% at the 75th percentile; difference, 3.7% [95% CI, 1.4% to 6.2%]) and women (OR, 1.17 per 1 SD [95% CI, 1.08 to 1.28]; incidence of 31.0% at the 25th percentile and 34.8% at the 75th percentile; difference, 3.8% [95% CI, 1.5% to 5.8%]). The Southern dietary pattern was the largest mediating factor for differences in the incidence of hypertension, accounting for 51.6% (95% CI, 18.8% to 84.4%) of the excess risk among black men and 29.2% (95% CI, 13.4% to 44.9%) of the excess risk among black women. Among black men, a higher dietary ratio of sodium to potassium and an education level of high school graduate or less each mediated 12.3% of the excess risk of incident hypertension. Among black women, higher body mass index mediated 18.3% of the excess risk; a larger waist, 15.2%; less adherence to the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet, 11.2%; income level of $35 000 or less, 9.3%; higher dietary ratio of sodium to potassium, 6.8%; and an education level of high school graduate or less, 4.1%. Conclusions and Relevance:In a mediation analysis comparing incident hypertension among black adults vs white adults in the United States, key factors statistically mediating the racial difference for both men and women included Southern diet score, dietary ratio of sodium to potassium, and education level. Among women, waist circumference and body mass index also were key factors.
| S-EPMC6233849 | biostudies-other
Project description:Excess urinary albumin excretion is more common in black than white individuals and is more strongly associated with incident stroke risk in black vs white individuals. Whether similar associations extend to coronary heart disease (CHD) is unclear.To determine whether the association of urinary albumin excretion with CHD events differs by race.Prospective cohort study of black and white US adults aged 45 years and older who were enrolled within the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study between 2003 and 2007 with follow-up through December 31, 2009. We examined race-stratified associations of urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) in 2 groups: (1) incident CHD among 23,273 participants free of CHD at baseline; and (2) first recurrent CHD event among 4934 participants with CHD at baseline.Expert-adjudicated incident and recurrent myocardial infarction and acute CHD death.A total of 616 incident CHD events (421 nonfatal MIs and 195 CHD deaths) and 468 recurrent CHD events (279 nonfatal MIs and 189 CHD deaths) were observed over a mean time of 4.4 years of follow-up. Among those free of CHD at baseline, age- and sex-adjusted incidence rates of CHD per 1000 person-years of follow-up increased with increasing categories of ACR in black and white participants, with rates being nearly 1.5-fold greater in the highest category of ACR (>300 mg/g) in black participants (20.59; 95% CI, 14.36-29.51) vs white participants (13.60; 95% CI, 7.60-24.25). In proportional hazards models adjusted for traditional cardiovascular risk factors and medications, higher baseline urinary ACR was associated with greater risk of incident CHD among black participants (hazard ratio [HR] comparing ACR >300 vs <10 mg/g, 3.21 [95% CI, 2.02-5.09]) but not white participants (HR comparing ACR >300 vs <10 mg/g, 1.49 [95% CI, 0.80-2.76]) (P value for interaction?=?.03). Among those with CHD at baseline, fully adjusted associations of baseline urinary ACR with first recurrent CHD event were similar between black participants (HR comparing ACR >300 vs <10 mg/g, 2.21 [95% CI, 1.22-4.00]) vs white participants (HR comparing ACR >300 vs <10 mg/g, 2.48 [95% CI, 1.61-3.78]) (P value for interaction?=?.53).Higher urinary ACR was associated with greater risk of incident but not recurrent CHD in black individuals when compared with white individuals. These data confirm that black individuals appear more susceptible to vascular injury.
| S-EPMC3837520 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectivesThis study examined the association between urinary albumin excretion and incident heart failure (HF) hospitalization.BackgroundExcess urinary albumin excretion is more strongly associated with incident stroke and coronary heart disease risk in black than in white individuals. Whether similar associations extend to HF is unclear.MethodsThis study examined the associations between the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) and incident hospitalization for HF overall in 24,433 REGARDS (Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke) study participants free of suspected HF at baseline; findings were stratified by race and HF subtype (preserved vs. reduced ejection fraction). Models were adjusted for sociodemographic, clinical, and laboratory variables including estimated glomerular filtration rate, and multiple imputation was used to account for missing covariate data.ResultsAfter a median follow-up of 9.2 years, 881 incident HF events (332 preserved ejection fraction, 447 reduced ejection fraction, 102 unspecified) were observed. Compared to the lowest ACR category (<10 mg/g), the risk of incident HF increased with increasing ACR categories (10 to 29 mg/g hazard ratio [HR]: 1.49; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.26 to 1.78; 30 to 300 mg/g HR: 2.32; 95% CI: 1.93 to 2.78; >300 mg/g HR: 4.42; 95% CI: 3.36 to 5.83) in the fully adjusted model. Results did not differ by race. The magnitude of the association between ACR and HF with preserved ejection fraction was greater than with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HR comparing highest vs. lowest ACR category: 6.20; 95% CI: 4.15 to 9.26 vs. HR: 4.37; 95% CI: 3.00 to 6.25, respectively; p = 0.05).ConclusionsHigher ACR was associated with greater risk of incident HF hospitalization in community-dwelling black and white adults.
| S-EPMC6544368 | biostudies-literature