Maintenance therapy for high-risk acute leukemia after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: wait a minute.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Soiffer RJ
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7362380 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Relapse remains the main cause of treatment failure in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Emerging evidence has demonstrated that AML patients might benefit from maintenance therapy post-transplantation, especially for high-risk AML patients. In this mini-review, we will summarize targeted drugs, such as hypomethylating agents, FLT3 inhibitors and isocitrate dehydrogenase inhibitors, as maintenance therapy post-transplantation in AML patients undergoing allo-HSCT.
| S-EPMC7786934 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Patients with B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are at high-risk for relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). We conducted a single-center phase 2 study evaluating the feasibility of 4 cycles of blinatumomab administered every 3 months during the first year after HCT in an effort to mitigate relapse in high-risk ALL patients. Twenty-one of 23 enrolled patients received at least 1 cycle of blinatumomab and were included in the analysis. The median time from HCT to the first cycle of blinatumomab was 78 days (range, 44 to 105). Twelve patients (57%) completed all 4 treatment cycles. Neutropenia was the only grade 4 adverse event (19%). Rates of cytokine release (5% G1) and neurotoxicity (5% G2) were minimal. The cumulative incidence of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) grades 2 to 4 and 3 to 4 were 33% and 5%, respectively; 2 cases of mild (10%) and 1 case of moderate (5%) chronic GVHD were noted. With a median follow-up of 14.3 months, the 1-year overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and nonrelapse mortality (NRM) rates were 85%, 71%, and 0%, respectively. In a matched analysis with a contemporary cohort of 57 patients, we found no significant difference between groups regarding blinatumomab's efficacy. Correlative studies of baseline and posttreatment samples identified patients with specific T-cell profiles as "responders" or "nonresponders" to therapy. Responders had higher proportions of effector memory CD8 T-cell subsets. Nonresponders were T-cell deficient and expressed more inhibitory checkpoint molecules, including T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM3). We found that blinatumomab postallogeneic HCT is feasible, and its benefit is dependent on the immune milieu at time of treatment. This paper is posted on ClinicalTrials.gov, study ID: NCT02807883.
| S-EPMC8952188 | biostudies-literature
Project description: Not available
| S-EPMC11231304 | biostudies-literature
Project description:This article has a companion Counterpoint by Soiffer.
| S-EPMC7362353 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the maintenance therapy following an anti-CD19-CAR T-cell therapy for a B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patient who relapsed after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) and investigate the effect of donor stem cells and donor T lymphocyte infusion on the amplification of CD19 CAR-T cells. Methods: One refractory B-ALL patient relapsed after murine CD19 CAR-T cell therapy followed by a sibling allo-HSCT. He underwent a humanized CD19 CAR-T cell therapy followed by donor stem cell and donor T lymphocytes infusions as maintenance therapy in our hospital. The level of cytokines, the proportion of CD19 CAR-T cell, the level of CAR19 DNA expression in the peripheral blood, and the proportion of leukemia cells and donor chimerism in the bone marrow were detected. Correspondingly, T lymphocytes from the C57 spleen were separated to modify the CD19 CAR lentivirus and refused into C57 mice, and after 14 days, the B lymphocytes from C57 mice were separated and refused into the same C57 mice. The CD19 CAR T cells, B cells, and CD19 CAR gene counts in the peripheral blood were evaluated at different time points. Results: ?The patient achieved a complete response (CR) 14 days after a humanized CD19 CAR-T therapy with grade 1 cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and restored a donor chimerism to 99.76%. ? Following the remission from humanized CD19 CAR-T therapy, the patient received a maintenance therapy of donor stem cell infusion. Mild graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) manifested 24 days after infusion with an increased proportion of CD19 CAR-T cells and an increased level of CAR19 DNA expression in the peripheral blood. It fell with the remission of GVHD. The patient maintained CR and 99.69% donor chimerism during this period. ? Throughout the subsequent donor T lymphocytes maintenance therapy, mild GVHD surfaced12 days after infusion without an increased proportion of CD19 CAR-T cells and an increased level of CAR19 DNA expression in the peripheral blood. The patient maintained CR and 99.87% donor chimerism during this period. ? In vivo experiments on C57 mice confirmed that the proportion of CD19 CAR-T cells and the level of CAR19 DNA expression were upregulated in mice following CAR-T cell infusion, accompanied by depletion of CD19(+) B lymphocyte. After infusion of CD19(+) B lymphocyte cells, an increased proportion of CD19 CAR-T cells and an increased level of CAR19 DNA expression in the peripheral blood were observed again. Conclusions: The infusion of donor stem cells and donor T lymphocytes could be used as a maintenance treatment after CD19 CAR-T cell therapy for B-ALL patients who relapsed after allo-HSCT. Infusion of donor stem cells induced an increased proportion of CD19 CAR-T cells and an increased level of CAR19 DNA expression with the occurrence of GVHD. It might lead to further elimination of minimal residual disease.
| S-EPMC7378295 | biostudies-literature
Project description:We evaluated tandem autologous/allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation followed by bortezomib maintenance therapy in a prospective phase 2 trial of treatment of high-risk multiple myeloma. The high-dose conditioning regimen for autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation consisted of melphalan 200 mg/m2. The nonmyeloablative conditioning regimen for the allogeneic transplant involved low-dose total body irradiation (2 Gy) with or without fludarabine (30 mg/m2 × 3 days). Among the 31 patients enrolled, 26 (84%) proceeded to HLA-matched allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation at a median of 61 (range, 41-168) days following the autologous transplant. Twenty-one patients (68%) started bortezomib (1.6 mg/m2 IV or 2.6 mg/m2 subcutaneously every 14 days for 9 months) at a median of 79 (range, 63-103) days after allogeneic transplantation. With a median follow-up of 51 (range, 16-86) months and based on intention to treat, the 2-year and 4-year progression-free survival and overall survival estimates among 24 newly diagnosed high-risk patients were 71% and 75%, and 52% and 61%, respectively. The 7 patients enrolled with relapsed or persistent disease had a 2-year and 4-year progression-free survival and overall survival rates of 14% and 43%, and 14% and 29%, respectively. These findings suggest that for patients with newly diagnosed high-risk multiple myeloma, bortezomib maintenance therapy after tandem autologous/allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation is safe and may prevent disease progression until full establishment of a graft-versus-myeloma effect. This benefit, however, does not extend to patients who enroll after unsuccessful prior therapy. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT00793572.
| S-EPMC5737131 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT) can cure previously treated high-risk chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients if they are suitable for transplant through the graft-versus-leukemia effect. However, since the emergence of targeted therapies, the role of alloHCT for high-risk CLL is less clear. To address this question, we evaluated 108 high-risk CLL patients who underwent alloHCT from 2010 to 2018. Thirty patients from the period of 2013 to 2018 received targeted therapy prior to alloHCT. The median age for the targeted therapy cohort was 60 years (range, 30-71 years), and 20% and 73% had complete and partial remission, respectively: 76% had del(17p), 46.2% had 5 or more cytogenetic abnormalities, and 78.9% were IGHV unmutated. The median number of prior therapies was 4 (range, 1-9). With a median follow-up time of 36 months (range, 10-72 months), the 3-year overall (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were 87% and 69%, respectively. The 3-year cumulative incidence of nonrelapse mortality and relapse was 7% and 24%, respectively. For the control cohort of 78 patients who underwent alloHCT from 2010 to 2014 and received only chemoimmunotherapy prior to transplant, the 3-year OS and PFS were 69% and 58%, respectively. Patients treated with targeted therapy prior to alloHCT had a significantly higher number of circulating T and B cells and a lower ratio of CD4 regulatory T cells to CD4 conventional T cells early after transplant. In summary, despite multiple high-risk features, the clinical outcome of CLL patients who receive targeted therapy prior to transplant is excellent and alloHCT should be offered while the disease is under control.
| S-EPMC7479951 | biostudies-literature
Project description:In acute leukemia, advances have been made in therapeutic strategies centered on allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT), three of which are presented here. The indication of allo-SCT for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in 1st complete remission (CR1) has been debated. Genomic medicine has helped us gain a deeper understanding of this disease, some of which may serve as prognostic factors. Such genetic abnormalities could also help measure minimal residual disease (MRD) and provide additional clues to estimate the efficacy of chemotherapy. Combined with existing prognostic factors, these data can be used to construct a more accurate prognostic model, providing an optimal indication of allo-SCT for AML in CR1. Furthermore, overall treatment algorithms for high-risk AML after allo-SCT should include prophylactic and pre-emptive treatment to prevent relapse. These include immunotherapy using donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI), FLT3 inhibitors in FLT3-mutated AML, hypomethylating agents, or a combination of DLI with these agents. Clinical trials are currently ongoing to elucidate the role of these strategies, which will lead to a risk-adapted treatment for preventing relapse in high-risk AML. CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy induces a remarkable response in B-acute lymphoid leukemia (B-ALL); however, relapse remains a major problem. In this regard, allo-SCT as a consolidation treatment after CAR-T cell therapy for B-ALL is recommended for pediatric and adult patients. Achieving complete remission (CR) with CAR-T cell therapy is considered a promising bridging therapy to allo-SCT. Novel CAR-T treatment techniques are being developed to change their role as a pre-transplant treatment.
| S-EPMC10200363 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundAcute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients with a Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) mutation have a high incidence of relapse despite allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) and a subsequent poor prognosis. FLT3 inhibitors (FLT3i) have been suggested to reduce the post-transplant relapse risk in recent studies. As more evidence is accumulated, we perform the present meta-analysis to assess the efficacy and safety of FLT3i as post-transplant maintenance therapy in AML patients.MethodsLiterature search was performed in public databases from inception to December 31, 2021. Overall survival (OS), relapse-free survival (RFS), cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR), non-relapse mortality (NRM), graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and adverse events were compared between FLT3i and control groups. Pooled hazard ratio (HR) or relative risk (RR) with corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated.ResultsWe identified 12 eligible studies with 2282 FLT3-mutated AML patients who had received HSCT. There was no between-study heterogeneity and a fix-effect model was used. Post-transplant FLT3i maintenance significantly prolonged OS (HR = 0.41, 95%CI: 0.32-0.52, p < 0.001) and RFS (HR = 0.39, 95%CI 0.31-0.50, p < 0.001), and reduced CIR (HR = 0.31, 95%CI 0.20-0.46, p < 0.001) as compared with control. There were no significant risk differences in NRM (RR = 0.69, 95%CI 0.41-1.17, p = 0.169), acute GVHD (RR = 1.17, 95%CI 0.93-1.47, p = 0.175), chronic GVHD (RR = 1.31, 95%CI 0.91-1.39, p = 0.276) and grade ≥3 adverse events between both groups, except for skin toxicity (RR = 5.86, 95%CI 1.34-25.57, p = 0.019).ConclusionPost-transplant FLT3i maintenance can improve survival and reduce relapse in FLT3-mutated AML patients and is tolerable.
| S-EPMC10067110 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Acute biphenotypic leukemias or mixed phenotype acute leukemias (MPAL) are rare and considered high risk. The optimal treatment and the role of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHCT) are unclear. Most prior case series include only modest numbers of patients who underwent transplantation. We analyzed the outcome of 95 carefully characterized alloHCT patients with MPAL reported to the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research between 1996 and 2012. The median age was 20 years (range, 1 to 68). Among the 95 patients, 78 were in first complete remission (CR1) and 17 were in second complete remission (CR2). Three-year overall survival (OS) of 67% (95% confidence interval [CI], 57 to 76), leukemia-free survival of 56% (95% CI, 46 to 66), relapse incidence of 29% (95% CI, 20 to 38), and nonrelapse mortality of 15% (95% CI, 9 to 23) were encouraging. OS was best in younger patients (<20 years), but no significant differences were observed between those 20 to 40 years of age and those who were 40 years or older. A matched-pair analysis showed similar outcomes comparing MPAL cases to 375 acute myelogenous leukemia or 359 acute lymphoblastic leukemia cases. MPAL patients had more acute and a trend for more chronic graft-versus-host disease. No difference was observed between patients who underwent transplantation in CR1 versus those who underwent transplantation in CR2. AlloHCT is a promising treatment option for pediatric and adult patients with MPAL with encouraging long-term survival.
| S-EPMC4867266 | biostudies-literature