Dataset Information

Intracranial Injury Among Children with Abuse-Related Long Bone Fractures.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:Intracranial injury (ICI) from abusive head trauma is the leading cause of death among young abused children but is difficult to detect. Long bone fracture (LBF) may lead to the recognition of abuse in young abused children. OBJECTIVES:This study is the first to report the incidence and features of ICI in children with abuse and LBFs. METHODS:This is a retrospective study of children younger than 3 years with the diagnosis of LBF in the National Trauma Data Bank from 2009 to 2014. LBF, abuse, and clinical features were identified using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes. Abuse-related LBF with and without ICI were compared to identify risk factors for ICI. RESULTS:There were 4345 encounters for abuse-related LBF in kids ages < 3 years; 970 (22%) had ICI. Infants < 1 year of age were more likely to have ICI compared with older children (odds ratio [OR] 1.79, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.38-2.33). After adjusting for age, fracture of the ulna, radius, tibia, or fibula were associated with greater odds of ICI (OR 3.35, 95% CI 2.81-4.00). Abuse-related LBF with additional findings of skull fracture, rib fracture, or head/neck bruising had an increased odds of ICI (OR 8.27, 95% CI 6.85-9.98; OR 2.67, 95% CI 2.28-3.14; OR 2.41, 95% CI 1.99-2.92, respectively). CONCLUSIONS:ICI occurred in nearly 1 in 4 children under 3 years old with abuse-related LBF. Abuse-related LBF with skull fracture, rib fracture, head/neck bruising, or patient age < 1 year should prompt consideration for ICI with head imaging.

SUBMITTER: Chahla S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7364151 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Intracranial Injury Among Children with Abuse-Related Long Bone Fractures.

Chahla Saydi S Ortega Henry H

The Journal of emergency medicine 20200716 5

<h4>Background</h4>Intracranial injury (ICI) from abusive head trauma is the leading cause of death among young abused children but is difficult to detect. Long bone fracture (LBF) may lead to the recognition of abuse in young abused children.<h4>Objectives</h4>This study is the first to report the incidence and features of ICI in children with abuse and LBFs.<h4>Methods</h4>This is a retrospective study of children younger than 3 years with the diagnosis of LBF in the National Trauma Data Bank ...[more]

PMID: 32682640

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Project description:The phases of fracture healing have been well characterized. However, the exact source and genetic profile of the skeletal progenitors that participate in bone repair is somewhat unclear. Sox9 expression in skeletal elements precedes bone and cartilage formation and a Sox9+ cell type is retained in the adult periosteum. We hypothesized that Sox9+ periosteal cells are multipotent skeletal progenitors normally participating in fracture repair. To test this hypothesis we used tamoxifen (TM)-mediated lineage tracing of Sox9+ cells in Sox9CreErt2:Td-Tomato mice. TM injection indelibly labels Sox9+ cells and all their descendants with the fluorescent reporter protein Td-Tomato. Intact mouse femora were harvested 2 weeks after TM injection and analyzed by histology and immunostaining and RNA sequencing, to evaluate the skeletal distribution and gene expression profile of Td-Tomato positive cells in the adult femur. To assess the role of these cells in fracture repair, mice underwent a closed mid-diaphyseal femoral fracture and their hind limbs were harvested at 3, 9 or 56 days post-fracture to assess the contribution of Sox9+ and Td-tomato+ cells in the fracture healing process. In the intact adult mouse femur, Td-Tomato-labelled cells were observed in articular and growth plate cartilage where Sox9 is known to be expressed, but also in the primary spongiosa, periosteum, and endosteum. RNA sequencing and subsequent analysis showed that Td-Tomato positive periosteal cells were enriched in Sox9 transcripts, and transcripts for various osteogenic and chondrocyte specific genes. In a femoral fracture model, we showed that pre-labeled Td-Tomato positive descendent cells were mobilized during the fracture repair process, expanding and migrating towards the fracture site 3 days post-fracture. Here, Td-Tomato positive cells differentiate into chondrocytes and osteoblasts in the soft and hard callus, respectively, 9 days post-fracture. By 2 months post-fracture, descendants of the original Sox9 labelled cell population were prevalent in the cortex and periosteum, and amongst the differentiated osteocyte population embedded within the cortical bone. Thus, a Sox9+ progenitor population resides in the adult periosteum. Fate tracing shows that these cells likely play a substantial role in repair of the fractured femur giving rise to chondrocytes, osteoblasts and mature cortical osteocytes. To our knowledge this is the first report of this Sox9+ cell population in the periosteum of the adult long bone. Taken together with developmental studies on skeletal formation, our data suggest that Sox9+ osteochondroprogenitors play a continuous role in skeletal formation throughout life.

Project description:Background and purpose - To achieve a common understanding when dealing with long bone fractures in children, the AO Pediatric Comprehensive Classification of Long Bone Fractures (AO PCCF) was introduced in 2007. As part of its final validation, we present the most relevant fracture patterns in the upper extremities of a representative population of children classified according to the PCCF. Patients and methods - We included children and adolescents (0-17 years old) diagnosed with 1 or more long bone fractures between January 2009 and December 2011 at the university hospitals in Bern and Lausanne (Switzerland). Patient charts were retrospectively reviewed and fractures were classified from standard radiographs. Results - Of 2,292 upper extremity fractures in 2,203 children and adolescents, 26% involved the humerus and 74% involved the forearm. In the humerus, 61%, and in the forearm, 80% of single distal fractures involved the metaphysis. In adolescents, single humerus fractures were more often epiphyseal and diaphyseal fractures, and among adolescents radius fractures were more often epiphyseal fractures than in other age groups. 47% of combined forearm fractures were distal metaphyseal fractures. Only 0.7% of fractures could not be classified within 1 of the child-specific fracture patterns. Of the single epiphyseal fractures, 49% were Salter-Harris type-II (SH II) fractures; of these, 94% occurred in schoolchildren and adolescents. Of the metaphyseal fractures, 58% showed an incomplete fracture pattern. 89% of incomplete fractures affected the distal radius. Of the diaphyseal fractures, 32% were greenstick fractures. 24 Monteggia fractures occurred in pre-school children and schoolchildren, and 2 occurred in adolescents. Interpretation - The pattern of pediatric fractures in the upper extremity can be comprehensively described according to the PCCF. Prospective clinical studies are needed to determine its clinical relevance for treatment decisions and prognostication of outcome.

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Project description:ImportanceIntracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring is a mainstay of therapy for children with traumatic brain injury (TBI), but its overall association with patient outcome is unclear.ObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that ICP monitoring is associated with improved functional survival of children with severe TBI.Design, setting, and participantsA propensity-weighted effectiveness analysis was conducted using 2 linked national databases with data from 30 US children's hospitals from January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2012, on 3084 children with severe TBI. Clinical events including neurosurgical procedures were identified using validated computable phenotypes. Data analysis was conducted from September 1, 2016, to March 1, 2017.ExposurePlacement of an ICP monitor.Main outcomes and measuresA composite of hospital mortality, discharge to hospice, or survival with placement of new tracheostomy and gastrostomy tubes.ResultsOf the 3084 children in the study (1128 girls and 1956 boys; mean [SD] age, 7.03 [5.44] years), 1002 (32.4%) underwent ICP monitoring, with substantial hospital variation (6% to 50% by hospital). Overall, 484 children (15.7%) experienced the primary composite outcome. A propensity approach using matching weights generated good covariate balance between those who did and those who did not undergo ICP monitoring. Using a propensity-weighted logistic regression model clustered by hospital, no statistically significant difference was found in functional survival between monitored and unmonitored patients (odds ratio of poor outcome among those who underwent ICP monitoring, 1.31; 95% CI, 0.99-1.74). In a prespecified secondary analysis, no difference in mortality was found (odds ratio, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.89-1.50). Prespecified subgroup analyses of children younger and older than 2 years of age and among those with unintentional and inflicted (intentional) injuries also showed no difference in outcome with ICP monitoring.Conclusions and relevanceWith the use of linked national data and validated computable phenotypes, no evidence was found of a benefit from ICP monitoring on functional survival of children with severe TBI. Intracranial pressure monitoring is a widely but inconsistently used technology with incompletely demonstrated effectiveness. A large prospective cohort study or randomized trial is needed.

Dataset Information

Intracranial Injury Among Children with Abuse-Related Long Bone Fractures.

Publications

Intracranial Injury Among Children with Abuse-Related Long Bone Fractures.

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