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Cardio-metabolic abnormalities among patients with severe mental illness at a Regional Referral Hospital in southwestern Uganda.

ABSTRACT: Patients with severe mental illness (SMI) have a higher burden of premature cardio-metabolic abnormalities, including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and obesity resulting into a 3-fold increase in mortality, and up to 20% reduction in life expectancy compared to the general population. Although over 30% of Ugandans have some form of mental illness, there are no national or hospital-based screening guidelines for cardio-metabolic abnormalities among these patients a general trend in most low-income countries. The screening rates for cardio-metabolic abnormalities in most low-income countries are at only 0.6%. The objective of this study was to describe the cardio-metabolic abnormalities among patients with SMI at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital. Through a cross-sectional study, we recruited 304 patients with SMI and evaluated them for cardio-metabolic abnormalities using the National Cholesterol Education Programme Adult Treatment Panel III criteria for dyslipidemias, World Health Organisation criteria for diabetes mellitus, obesity, and the Joint national committee criteria for hypertension. We then determined the proportion of participants who met the criteria for each of the individual cardio-metabolic abnormalities. Of the 304 participants, 44.41% were male and 55.59% female with a mean age of 38.56±13.66 years. Almost half (46.38%) of the participants were either overweight or obese, 33.22% had abdominal obesity, 40.46% were hypertensive, 34.11% had low high-density lipoproteins, 37.42% had hypertriglyceridemia and 34.77% had hypercholesterolemia. Based on fasting blood sugar, 11.18% and 9.87% had pre-diabetes and diabetes respectively. There is a high level of cardio-metabolic abnormalities among patients with psychiatric disorders and thus metabolic screening for these abnormalities should be done routinely during psychiatric reviews. There is a need for national guidelines for screening of metabolic abnormalities among patients with SMI so that these abnormalities can be detected early enough at stages where they can be either reversed or delayed to progress to cardiovascular disease.

SUBMITTER: Agaba DC

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7367467 | biostudies-literature | 2020

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Cardio-metabolic abnormalities among patients with severe mental illness at a Regional Referral Hospital in southwestern Uganda.

Agaba David Collins DC Migisha Richard R Katamba Godfrey G Ashaba Scholastic S

PloS one 20200717 7

Patients with severe mental illness (SMI) have a higher burden of premature cardio-metabolic abnormalities, including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and obesity resulting into a 3-fold increase in mortality, and up to 20% reduction in life expectancy compared to the general population. Although over 30% of Ugandans have some form of mental illness, there are no national or hospital-based screening guidelines for cardio-metabolic abnormalities among these patients a general tren ...[more]

PMID: 32678850

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Project description:BackgroundSevere anaemia is a common clinical problem among young children in sub-Saharan Africa. However, the effect of severe anaemia on neurodevelopment of these children is not well described. Therefore, we assessed the neurodevelopmental performance of preschool children diagnosed with severe anaemia in Northern Uganda.MethodsWe conducted a prospective cohort study among children < 5 years of age 14 days post discharge after an episode of severe anaemia (Hb < 5.0 g/dl; n = 171; mean Hb = 3.9g/dl) at Lira Regional Referral Hospital, Uganda. Neurodevelopmental outcomes (cognitive, language and motor) were assessed using Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 3rd edition (Bayley-III). Age-adjusted z-scores for each domain were calculated using scores from healthy community control children (n = 88) recruited from the same environment for each age category. Multiple linear regression was used to compare z-scores in the cognitive, language and motor scales between the two groups after adjusting for weight-for-age z-score, socioeconomic status, mother's education, and father's employment on all the scales.ResultsThe prevalence of neurodevelopmental impairment was 2.3% (95% CI: 0.8-6.1) for cognition, 1.7% (95%: 0.6-5.3) for language and 3.5% (95% CI: 1.6-7.6) for motor scales and 4.6% (95% CI: 2.3-9.1) for deficits in ≥1 area of neurodevelopment. Significant differences were observed between the two groups with the SA group performing worse on cognition [adjusted mean score, (Standard error, SE), P-value] [-0.20, (0.01) vs. 0.00, (0.01), P = 0.02]; language [-0.25, (0.01) vs. 0.00, (0.01), P< 0.001]; and motor [-0.17, (0.01) vs. 0.00, (0.01), P = 0.05] scales.ConclusionIn children < 5 years of age, severe anaemia was associated with neurocognitive (cognition, language and motor) deficits in the immediate period post treatment. Further research is needed to identify risk factors and determine the long-term effects of poor neurodevelopment in young children with severe anaemia.

Project description:ObjectivesNovel care models are needed to address the large burden of hypertension globally. We aimed to explore how patients in rural Uganda experience and perceive hypertension in order to understand factors that may inform development of a patient-centred care model for hypertension management in this setting.DesignWe conducted one-time, in-depth qualitative interviews focusing on participants' experiences and perceptions of the meaning and management of hypertension.SettingOutpatient clinic at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital in Uganda.ParticipantsWe enrolled patients who had hypertension and had used antihypertensive medication for at least 1 month. We used purposive sampling to recruit 30 participants with similar representation by gender and by absence or presence of comorbid conditions.ResultsParticipants had been diagnosed and initiated care at various clinical stages of hypertension, which impacted their understanding of hypertension. Several participants saw hypertension as a chronic disease that can lead to complications if not controlled, while others attributed symptoms typically associated with other diseases to hypertension. Participants described inconsistent access to antihypertensive medications and difficulty with transport to the clinic (time needed and expense) as the major barriers to access to care. Initiation and maintenance of care were facilitated by family support and ready access to health facilities. Many participants identified an understanding of the important lifestyle and dietary changes required to control hypertension.ConclusionsPatients with hypertension in rural Uganda demonstrated a varied understanding and experience with hypertension. Interventions leveraging family support may help with patient education and clinical management. Integration of patient perspectives into the care model, patient-centred care, may serve as a successful model for hypertension and potentially delivery of care for other non-communicable diseases in Uganda and other similar resource-limited settings.

Project description:IntroductionPreterm neonatal mortality contributes substantially to the high neonatal mortality globally. In Uganda, preterm neonatal mortality accounts for 31% of all neonatal deaths. Previous studies have shown variability in mortality rates by healthcare setting. Also, different predictors influence the risk of neonatal mortality in different populations. Understanding the predictors of preterm neonatal mortality in the low-resource setting where we conducted our study could guide the development of interventions to improve outcomes for preterm neonates. We thus aimed to determine the incidence and predictors of mortality among preterm neonates born at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital (MRRH) in South Western Uganda.MethodsWe prospectively enrolled 538 live preterm neonates born at MRRH from October 2019 to September 2020. The neonates were followed up until death or 28 days, whichever occurred first. We used Kaplan Meier survival analysis to describe preterm neonatal mortality and Cox proportional hazards regression to assess predictors of preterm neonatal mortality over a maximum of 28 days of follow up.ResultsThe cumulative incidence of preterm neonatal mortality was 19.8% (95% C.I: 16.7-23.5) at 28 days from birth. Birth asphyxia (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 14.80; 95% CI: 5.21 to 42.02), not receiving kangaroo mother care (aHR, 9.50; 95% CI: 5.37 to 16.78), delayed initiation of breastfeeding (aHR, 9.49; 95% CI: 2.84 to 31.68), late antenatal care (ANC) booking (aHR, 1.81 to 2.52; 95% CI: 1.11 to 7.11) and no ANC attendance (aHR, 3.56; 95% CI: 1.51 to 8.43), vaginal breech delivery (aHR, 3.04; 95% CI: 1.37 to 5.18), very preterm births (aHR, 3.17; 95% CI: 1.24 to 8.13), respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) (aHR, 2.50; 95% CI: 1.11 to 5.64) and hypothermia at the time of admission to the neonatal unit (aHR, 1.98; 95% CI: 1.18 to 3.33) increased the risk of preterm neonatal mortality. Attending more than 4 ANC visits (aHR, 0.35; 95% CI: 0.12 to 0.96) reduced the risk of preterm neonatal mortality.ConclusionsWe observed a high cumulative incidence of mortality among preterm neonates born at a low-resource regional referral hospital in Uganda. The predictors of mortality among preterm neonates were largely modifiable factors occurring in the prenatal, natal and postnatal period (lack of ANC attendance, late ANC booking, vaginal breech delivery, birth asphyxia, respiratory distress syndrome, and hypothermia at the time of admission to the neonatal unit, not receiving kangaroo mother care and delayed initiation of breastfeeding). These findings suggest that investment in and enhancement of ANC attendance, intrapartum care, and the feasible essential newborn care interventions by providing the warm chain through kangaroo mother care, encouraging early initiation of breastfeeding, timely resuscitation for neonates when indicated and therapies reducing the incidence and severity of RDS could improve outcomes among preterm neonates in this setting.

Project description:BackgroundThe Covid-19 pandemic threatens to overwhelm scarce clinical resources. Risk factors for severe illness must be identified to make efficient resource allocations.ObjectiveTo evaluate risk factors for severe illness.DesignRetrospective, observational case series.SettingSingle-institution.ParticipantsFirst 117 consecutive patients hospitalized for Covid-19 from March 1 to April 12, 2020.ExposureNone.Main outcomes and measuresIntensive care unit admission or death.ResultsIn-hospital mortality was 24.8% and average total length of stay was 11.82 days (95% CI: 10.01 to 13.63 days). 30.8% of patients required intensive care unit admission and 29.1% required mechanical ventilation. Multivariate regression identified the amount of supplemental oxygen required at admission (OR: 1.208, 95% CI: 1.011-1.443, p = .037), sputum production (OR: 6.734, 95% CI: 1.630-27.812, p = .008), insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (OR: 11.873, 95% CI: 2.218-63.555, p = .004) and chronic kidney disease (OR: 4.793, 95% CI: 1.528-15.037, p = .007) as significant risk factors for intensive care unit admission or death. Of the 48 patients who were admitted to the intensive care unit or died, this occurred within 3 days of arrival in 42%, within 6 days in 71%, and within 9 days in 88% of patients.ConclusionsAt our regional medical center, patients with Covid-19 had an average length of stay just under 12 days, required ICU care in 31% of cases, and had a 25% mortality rate. Patients with increased sputum production and higher supplemental oxygen requirements at admission, and insulin dependent diabetes or chronic kidney disease may be at increased risk for severe illness. A model for predicting intensive care unit admission or death with excellent discrimination was created that may aid in treatment decisions and resource allocation. Early identification of patients at increased risk for severe illness may lead to improved outcomes in patients hospitalized with Covid-19.

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Cardio-metabolic abnormalities among patients with severe mental illness at a Regional Referral Hospital in southwestern Uganda.

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Cardio-metabolic abnormalities among patients with severe mental illness at a Regional Referral Hospital in southwestern Uganda.

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