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Physiological, Ecological, and Biochemical Implications in Tomato Plants of Two Plant Biostimulants: Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Seaweed Extract.

ABSTRACT: The worldwide use of plant biostimulants (PBs) represents an environmentally friendly tool to increase crop yield and productivity. PBs include different substances, compounds, and growth-promoting microorganism formulations, such as those derived from arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) or seaweed extracts (SEs), which are used to regulate or enhance physiological processes in plants. This study analyzed the physiological, ecological, and biochemical implications of the addition of two PBs, AMF or SE (both alone and in combination), on tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. "Rio Fuego"). The physiological responses evaluated were related to plant growth and photosynthetic performance. The ecological benefits were assessed based on the success of AMF colonization, flowering, resistance capacity, nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ), and polyphenol content. Biochemical effects were evaluated via protein, lipid, carbohydrate, nitrogen, and phosphorous content. Each PB was found to benefit tomato plants in a different but complementary manner. AMF resulted in an energetically expensive (high ETRMAX but low growth) but protective (high NPQ and polyphenol content) response. AMF + nutritive solution (NS) induced early floration but resulted in low protein, carbohydrate, and lipid content. Both AMF and AMF + NS favored foliar instead of root development. In contrast, SE and SE + NS favored protein content and root development and did not promote flowering. However, the combination of both PBs (AMF + SE) resulted in an additive effect, reflected in an increase in both foliar and root growth as well as protein and carbohydrate content. Moreover, a synergistic effect was also found, which was expressed in accelerated flowering and AMF colonization. We present evidence of benefits to plant performance (additive and synergistic) due to the interactive effects between microbial (AMF) and nonmicrobial (SEs) PBs and propose that the complementary modes of action of both PBs may be responsible for the observed positive effects due to the new and emerging properties of their components instead of exclusively being the result of known constituents. These results will be an important contribution to biostimulant research and to the development of a second generation of PBs in which combined and complementary mechanisms may be functionally designed.

SUBMITTER: Gonzalez-Gonzalez MF

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7379914 | biostudies-literature | 2020

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Physiological, Ecological, and Biochemical Implications in Tomato Plants of Two Plant Biostimulants: Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Seaweed Extract.

González-González Mario Felipe MF Ocampo-Alvarez Héctor H Santacruz-Ruvalcaba Fernando F Sánchez-Hernández Carla Vanessa CV Casarrubias-Castillo Kena K Becerril-Espinosa Amayaly A Castañeda-Nava José Juvencio JJ Hernández-Herrera Rosalba Mireya RM

Frontiers in plant science 20200717

The worldwide use of plant biostimulants (PBs) represents an environmentally friendly tool to increase crop yield and productivity. PBs include different substances, compounds, and growth-promoting microorganism formulations, such as those derived from arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) or seaweed extracts (SEs), which are used to regulate or enhance physiological processes in plants. This study analyzed the physiological, ecological, and biochemical implications of the addition of two PBs, AMF ...[more]

PMID: 32765545

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Project description:BACKGROUND AND AIMS:Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play an important role in plant nutrition and protection against pests and diseases, as well as in soil structuration, nutrient cycling and, generally speaking, in sustainable agriculture, particularly under drought, salinity and low input or organic agriculture. However, little is known about the genetics of the AMF-plant association in tomato. The aim of this study was the genetic analysis of root AMF colonization in tomato via the detection of the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) involved. METHODS:A population of 130 recombinant inbred lines derived from the wild species Solanum pimpinellifolium, genotyped for 1899 segregating, non-redundant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from the SolCAP tomato panel, was characterized for intensity, frequency and arbuscular abundance of AMF colonization to detect the QTLs involved and to analyse the genes within their peaks (2-2.6 Mbp). KEY RESULTS:The three AMF colonization parameters were highly correlated (0.78-0.97) and the best one, with the highest heritability (0.23), corresponded to colonization intensity. A total of eight QTLs in chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 and 10 were detected. Seven of them simultaneously affected intensity and arbuscule abundance. The allele increasing the expression of the trait usually came from the wild parent in accordance with the parental means, and several epistatic interactions were found relevant for breeding purposes. SlCCaMK and SlLYK13 were found among the candidate genes. Carbohydrate transmembrane transporter activity, lipid metabolism and transport, metabolic processes related to nitrogen and phosphate-containing compounds, regulation of carbohydrates, and other biological processes involved in the plant defence were found to be over-represented within the QTL peaks. CONCLUSIONS:Intensity is genetically the best morphological measure of tomato root AMF colonization. Wild alleles can improve AMF colonization, and the gene contents of AMF colonization QTLs might be important for explaining the establishment and functioning of the AMF-plant symbiosis.

Project description:BackgroundThe present study aims to study the effects of biofertilizers potential of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and Bradyrhizobium japonicum (B. japonicum) strains on yield and growth of drought stressed soybean (Giza 111) plants at early pod stage (50 days from sowing, R3) and seed development stage (90 days from sowing, R5).ResultsHighest plant biomass, leaf chlorophyll content, nodulation, and grain yield were observed in the unstressed plants as compared with water stressed-plants at R3 and R5 stages. At soil rhizosphere level, AMF and B. japonicum treatments improved bacterial counts and the activities of the enzymes (dehydrogenase and phosphatase) under well-watered and drought stress conditions. Irrespective of the drought effects, AMF and B. japonicum treatments improved the growth and yield of soybean under both drought (restrained irrigation) and adequately-watered conditions as compared with untreated plants. The current study revealed that AMF and B. japonicum improved catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) in the seeds, and a reverse trend was observed in case of malonaldehyde (MDA) and proline under drought stress. The relative expression of the CAT and POD genes was up-regulated by the application of biofertilizers treatments under drought stress condition. Interestingly a reverse trend was observed in the case of the relative expression of the genes involved in the proline metabolism such as P5CS, P5CR, PDH, and P5CDH under the same conditions. The present study suggests that biofertilizers diminished the inhibitory effect of drought stress on cell development and resulted in a shorter time for DNA accumulation and the cycle of cell division. There were notable changes in the activities of enzymes involved in the secondary metabolism and expression levels of GmSPS1, GmSuSy, and GmC-INV in the plants treated with biofertilizers and exposed to the drought stress at both R3 and R5 stages. These changes in the activities of secondary metabolism and their transcriptional levels caused by biofertilizers may contribute to increasing soybean tolerance to drought stress.ConclusionsThe results of this study suggest that application of biofertilizers to soybean plants is a promising approach to alleviate drought stress effects on growth performance of soybean plants. The integrated application of biofertilizers may help to obtain improved resilience of the agro ecosystems to adverse impacts of climate change and help to improve soil fertility and plant growth under drought stress.

Project description:Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can establish symbiotic associations with the roots of most terrestrial plants, thereby improving the tolerance of the host plants to biotic and abiotic stresses. Although AMF cannot synthesize lipids de novo, they can obtain lipids from the root cells for their growth and development. A recent study reveals that AMF can directly take up myristate (C14:0 lipid) from the environment and produce a large amount of hyphae in asymbiotic status; however, the effect of environmental lipids on AM symbiosis is still unclear. In this study, we inoculated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) with AMF in an in vitro dual culture system and a sand culture system, and then applied exogenous myristate to the substrate, in order to explore the effect of exogenous lipids on the mycorrhizal colonization of AMF. We investigated the hyphae growth, development, and colonization of AMF, and examined the gene expression involved in phosphate transport, lipid biosynthesis, and transport. Results indicate that exogenous lipids significantly stimulated the growth and branching of hyphae, and significantly increased the number of hyphopodia and mycorrhizal colonization of AMF, with arbuscular abundance and intraradical spores or vesicles being the most promoted. In contrast, exogenous myristate decreased the growth range and host tropism of the germ tubes, and largely inhibited the exchange of nutrition between symbionts. As a result, exogenous myristate did not affect the plant growth. This study suggests that lipids promote mycorrhizal colonization by enhancing the growth and development of AMF hyphae and increasing their contact opportunities with plant roots. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that shows that lipids promote the colonization of AMF. Our study highlights the importance of better understanding the roles of environmental lipids in the establishment and maintenance of AM symbiosis and, thus, in agricultural production.

Dataset Information

Physiological, Ecological, and Biochemical Implications in Tomato Plants of Two Plant Biostimulants: Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Seaweed Extract.

Publications

Physiological, Ecological, and Biochemical Implications in Tomato Plants of Two Plant Biostimulants: Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Seaweed Extract.

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