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Color and molecular structure alterations of brazilein extracted from Caesalpinia sappan L. under different pH and heating conditions.

ABSTRACT: Brazilein extract from sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) has potential for use as natural food colorant since it has no unique flavor and taste. Although brazilein has long been applied in several traditional foods and beverages, information on its stability, which is of importance for practical application, is still limited. In this work, brazilein was isolated from sappan wood; its purity was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Relations between molecular structures and color as well as thermal stabilities of brazilein in aqueous solutions at pH 3, 7 and 9 were for the first time investigated. At the lowest pH, zero net-charge structure of brazilein, which exhibited yellow color, was predominantly found. The deprotonated and fully deprotonated structures of brazilein, which exhibited orange and red colors, respectively, were found when pH of the aqueous solutions increased. The forms of brazilein existing at the higher pH suffered extensive degradation upon heating, while the form existing at the lowest pH possessed higher stability. Heat-induced deprotonation and degradation were confirmed by UV-visible and Fourier-transform infrared spectra as well as losses of brazilein content.

SUBMITTER: Ngamwonglumlert L

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7382456 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Color and molecular structure alterations of brazilein extracted from Caesalpinia sappan L. under different pH and heating conditions.

Ngamwonglumlert Luxsika L Devahastin Sakamon S Chiewchan Naphaporn N Raghavan G S Vijaya GSV

Scientific reports 20200724 1

Brazilein extract from sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) has potential for use as natural food colorant since it has no unique flavor and taste. Although brazilein has long been applied in several traditional foods and beverages, information on its stability, which is of importance for practical application, is still limited. In this work, brazilein was isolated from sappan wood; its purity was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Relations between molecular structures and col ...[more]

PMID: 32709964

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Project description:Barley cultivar Amulet was used to study the quantitative proteome changes through different drought conditions utilizing two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE). Plants were cultivated for 10 days under different drought conditions. To obtain control and differentially drought-treated plants, the soil water content was kept at 65, 35, and 30% of soil water capacity (SWC), respectively. Osmotic potential, water saturation deficit, (13)C discrimination, and dehydrin accumulation were monitored during sampling of the crowns for proteome analysis. Analysis of the 2D-DIGE gels revealed 105 differentially abundant spots; most were differentially abundant between the controls and drought-treated plants, and 25 spots displayed changes between both drought conditions. Seventy-six protein spots were successfully identified by tandem mass spectrometry. The most frequent functional categories of the identified proteins can be put into the groups of: stress-associated proteins, amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, as well as DNA and RNA regulation and processing. Their possible role in the response of barley to drought stress is discussed. Our study has shown that under drought conditions barley cv. Amulet decreased its growth and developmental rates, displayed a shift from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism, and exhibited increased levels of several protective proteins. Comparison of the two drought treatments revealed plant acclimation to milder drought (35% SWC); but plant damage under more severe drought treatment (30% SWC). The results obtained revealed that cv. Amulet is sensitive to drought stress. Additionally, four spots revealing a continuous and significant increase with decreasing SWC (UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase, glutathione peroxidase, and two non-identified) could be good candidates for testing of their protein phenotyping capacity together with proteins that were significantly distinguished in both drought treatments.

Project description:Ethnopharmacological relevanceCaesalpinia sappan is a common remedy in Traditional Chinese Medicine and possesses diverse biological activities including anti-inflammatory properties. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease with an inflammatory component that drives the degradation of cartilage extracellular matrix. In order to provide a scientific basis for the applicability of Caesalpinia sappan in arthritic diseases, the present study aimed to assess the effects of an ethanolic Caesalpinia sappan extract (CSE) on human chondrocytes and macrophages.Materials and methodsPrimary human chondrocytes were isolated from cartilage specimens of OA patients. Primary cells, SW1353 chondrocytes and THP-1 macrophages were serum-starved and pretreated with different concentrations of CSE prior to stimulation with 10 ng/ml of interleukin-1beta (IL-1?) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Following viability tests, nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-?) were evaluated by Griess assay and ELISA, respectively. Using validated real-time PCR assays, mRNA levels of IL-1?, TNF-?, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were quantified. SW1353 cells were cotransfected with a COX-2 luciferase reporter plasmid and nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-?B) p50 and p65 expression vectors in the presence or absence of CSE.ResultsCSE dose-dependently inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1? and TNF-? in IL-1?-stimulated chondrocytes and LPS-stimulated THP-1 macrophages. CSE further suppressed the synthesis of NO in primary OA chondrocytes by blocking iNOS mRNA expression. The inhibition of COX-2 transcription was found to be related with the CSE inhibition of the p65/p50-driven transactivation of the COX-2 promoter.ConclusionsThe present report is first to demonstrate the anti-inflammatory activity of CSE in an in vitro cell model of joint inflammation. CSE can effectively abrogate the IL-1?-induced over-expression of inflammatory mediators at the transcriptional level in human chondrocytes and macrophages, most likely by inhibiting NF-?B (p65/p50) signaling. Blockade of IL-1?-induced NF-?B signaling and its downstream pro-inflammatory targets by CSE may be beneficial for reducing cartilage breakdown in arthritis.

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Color and molecular structure alterations of brazilein extracted from Caesalpinia sappan L. under different pH and heating conditions.

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Color and molecular structure alterations of brazilein extracted from Caesalpinia sappan L. under different pH and heating conditions.

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