Induction of labour at or beyond 37 weeks' gestation.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Middleton P
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7389871 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Jul
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Publications
Induction of labour at or beyond 37 weeks' gestation.
Middleton Philippa P Shepherd Emily E Morris Jonathan J Crowther Caroline A CA Gomersall Judith C JC
The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 20200715
<h4>Background</h4>Risks of stillbirth or neonatal death increase as gestation continues beyond term (around 40 weeks' gestation). It is unclear whether a policy of labour induction can reduce these risks. This Cochrane Review is an update of a review that was originally published in 2006 and subsequently updated in 2012 and 2018.<h4>Objectives</h4>To assess the effects of a policy of labour induction at or beyond 37 weeks' gestation compared with a policy of awaiting spontaneous labour indefini ...[more]
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Project description:ObjectiveTo evaluate if induction of labour at 41 weeks improves perinatal and maternal outcomes in women with a low risk pregnancy compared with expectant management and induction of labour at 42 weeks.DesignMulticentre, open label, randomised controlled superiority trial.Setting14 hospitals in Sweden, 2016-18.Participants2760 women with a low risk uncomplicated singleton pregnancy randomised (1:1) by the Swedish Pregnancy Register. 1381 women were assigned to the induction group and 1379 were assigned to the expectant management group.InterventionsInduction of labour at 41 weeks and expectant management and induction of labour at 42 weeks.Main outcome measuresThe primary outcome was a composite perinatal outcome including one or more of stillbirth, neonatal mortality, Apgar score less than 7 at five minutes, pH less than 7.00 or metabolic acidosis (pH <7.05 and base deficit >12 mmol/L) in the umbilical artery, hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy, intracranial haemorrhage, convulsions, meconium aspiration syndrome, mechanical ventilation within 72 hours, or obstetric brachial plexus injury. Primary analysis was by intention to treat.ResultsThe study was stopped early owing to a significantly higher rate of perinatal mortality in the expectant management group. The composite primary perinatal outcome did not differ between the groups: 2.4% (33/1381) in the induction group and 2.2% (31/1379) in the expectant management group (relative risk 1.06, 95% confidence interval 0.65 to 1.73; P=0.90). No perinatal deaths occurred in the induction group but six (five stillbirths and one early neonatal death) occurred in the expectant management group (P=0.03). The proportion of caesarean delivery, instrumental vaginal delivery, or any major maternal morbidity did not differ between the groups.ConclusionsThis study comparing induction of labour at 41 weeks with expectant management and induction at 42 weeks does not show any significant difference in the primary composite adverse perinatal outcome. However, a reduction of the secondary outcome perinatal mortality is observed without increasing adverse maternal outcomes. Although these results should be interpreted cautiously, induction of labour ought to be offered to women no later than at 41 weeks and could be one (of few) interventions that reduces the rate of stillbirths.Trial registrationCurrent Controlled Trials ISRCTN26113652.
| S-EPMC6939660 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundAn important determinant of pregnancy outcome is the timely onset of labor and birth. Prolonged gestation complicates 5% to 10% of all pregnancies and confers increased risk to both the fetus and mother. The purpose of this review was to study the possible impact of induction of labour (IOL) for post-term pregnancies compared to expectant management on stillbirths.MethodsA systematic review of the published studies including randomized controlled trials, quasi- randomized trials and observational studies was conducted. Search engines used were PubMed, the Cochrane Library, the WHO regional databases and hand search of bibliographies. A standardized data abstraction sheet was used. Recommendations have been made for input to the Lives Saved Tool (LiST) model by following standardized guidelines developed by the Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group (CHERG).ResultsA total of 25 studies were included in this review. Meta-analysis of 14 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) suggests that a policy of elective IOL for pregnancies at or beyond 41 weeks is associated with significantly fewer perinatal deaths (RR = 0.31; 95% CI: 0.11-0.88) compared to expectant management, but no significant difference in the incidence of stillbirth (RR = 0.29; 95% CI: 0.06-1.38) was noted. The included trials evaluating this intervention were small, with few events in the intervention and control group. There was significant decrease in incidence of neonatal morbidity from meconium aspiration (RR = 0.43, 95% CI 0.23-0.79) and macrosomia (RR = 0.72; 95% CI: 0.54 - 0.98). Using CHERG rules, we recommended 69% reduction as a point estimate for the risk of stillbirth with IOL for prolonged gestation (> 41 weeks).ConclusionsInduction of labour appears to be an effective way of reducing perinatal morbidity and mortality associated with post-term pregnancies. It should be offered to women with post-term pregnancies after discussing the benefits and risks of induction of labor.
| S-EPMC3231911 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveTo compare induction of labour at 41 weeks with expectant management until 42 weeks in low risk women.DesignOpen label, randomised controlled non-inferiority trial.Setting123 primary care midwifery practices and 45 hospitals (secondary care) in the Netherlands, 2012-16.Participants1801 low risk women with an uncomplicated singleton pregnancy: randomised to induction (n=900) or to expectant management until 42 weeks (n=901).InterventionsInduction at 41 weeks or expectant management until 42 weeks with induction if necessary.Primary outcome measuresPrimary outcome was a composite of perinatal mortality and neonatal morbidity (Apgar score <7 at five minutes, arterial pH <7.05, meconium aspiration syndrome, plexus brachialis injury, intracranial haemorrhage, and admission to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Secondary outcomes included maternal outcomes and mode of delivery. The null hypothesis that expectant management is inferior to induction was tested with a non-inferiority margin of 2%.ResultsMedian gestational age at delivery was 41 weeks+0 days (interquartile range 41 weeks+0 days-41 weeks+1 day) for the induction group and 41 weeks+2 days (41 weeks+0 days-41 weeks+5 days) for the expectant management group. The primary outcome was analysed for both the intention-to-treat population and the per protocol population. In the induction group, 15/900 (1.7%) women had an adverse perinatal outcome versus 28/901 (3.1%) in the expectant management group (absolute risk difference -1.4%, 95% confidence interval -2.9% to 0.0%, P=0.22 for non-inferiority). 11 (1.2%) infants in the induction group and 23 (2.6%) in the expectant management group had an Apgar score <7 at five minutes (relative risk (RR) 0.48, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.98). No infants in the induction group and three (0.3%) in the expectant management group had an Apgar score <4 at five minutes. One fetal death (0.1%) occurred in the induction group and two (0.2%) in the expectant management group. No neonatal deaths occurred. 3 (0.3%) neonates in the induction group versus 8 (0.9%) in the expectant management group were admitted to an NICU (RR 0.38, 95% CI 0.10 to 1.41). No significant difference was found in composite adverse maternal outcomes (induction n=122 (13.6%) v expectant management n=102 (11.3%)) or in caesarean section rate (both groups n=97 (10.8%)).ConclusionsThis study could not show non-inferiority of expectant management compared with induction of labour in women with uncomplicated pregnancies at 41 weeks; instead a significant difference of 1.4% was found for risk of adverse perinatal outcomes in favour of induction, although the chances of a good perinatal outcome were high with both strategies and the incidence of perinatal mortality, Apgar score <4 at five minutes, and NICU admission low.Trial registrationNetherlands Trial Register NTR3431.
| S-EPMC6598648 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundInduction of labour (IOL) at 39 weeks has been shown to decrease maternal and neonatal adverse outcomes. Given the growing demand for 39-week IOL, it is imperative that effective methods be assessed for induction in the outpatient setting. The aim of this study is to answer the clinical question as to whether Dilapan-S® vs Propess® as a method of cervical ripening is non-inferior in the outpatient setting at 39 weeks and to ascertain whether Dilapan-S® 12 h is non-inferior to Dilapan-S® 24 h.MethodsThis study is an open-label parallel group single-centre randomised trial. Participants are normal risk nulliparous women who have no pregnancy-related or medical contraindication to IOL. Women will be randomised to one of three induction groups-Dilapan-S® (12-h insertion or 24-h insertion) or Propess. Induction will be initiated between 39+0 and 39+4 weeks' gestation and participants will return home for either 12 or 24 h. They will be readmitted 12/24 h later in order to continue with induction of labour. Patient recruitment will take place over 30 months within a single centre. The study will recruit a maximum 109 women for each study arm. Total duration of participants' involvement in the trial will be 8 weeks to allow for postpartum follow-up.DiscussionThis study will definitively answer whether Dilapan-S is non-inferior to Propess® as a method of induction of labour in the outpatient setting and whether cervical ripening with Dilapan-S over a 12-h timeframe is non-inferior to cervical ripening with Dilapan-S over a 24-h timeframe.Trial registrationEudraCT Number 2019-004697-25 Registered 14 September 2020.
| S-EPMC9946860 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundIn pregnant women Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) can be transmitted to newborn causing severe infections. It is classified into 10 serotypes (Ia, Ib, II-IX). The severity of neonatal disease is determined by the capsular serotype and virulence factors such as the polysaccharide capsule, encoded by the cps gene, protein C, which includes the Cα surface proteins (bca gene), Rib (rib gene) and Cβ (bac gene); the proteins Lmb (lmb gene), FbsB (fbsB gene), FbsA (fbsA gene), the cyl operon encoding a β-hemolysin (hylB gene), the CAMP factor (cfb gene) and the C5a peptidase (scpB gene). The aim of this work was to determine the degree of GBS colonization in pregnant women, the serotypes distribution and to investigate virulence-associated genes.MethodsWe worked with 3480 samples of vagino-rectal swabs of women with 35-37 weeks of gestation. The identification of the strains was carried out using conventional biochemical tests and group confirmatory serology using a commercial latex particle agglutination kit. Two hundred GBS strains were selected. Their serotype was determined by agglutination tests. The monoplex PCR technique was used to investigate nine virulence-associated genes (cps, bca, rib, bac, lmb, fbsB, fbsA, hylB and scpB).ResultsThe maternal colonization was 9.09%. The serotypes found were: Ia (33.50%), III (19.00%), Ib (15.50%), II (14.00%), V (7.00%) and IX (5.50%). 5.50% of strains were found to be non-serotypeable (NT). The nine virulence genes investigated were detected simultaneously in 36.50% of the strains. The genes that were most frequently detected were scpB (100.00%), fbsA (100.00%), fbsB (100.00%), cylB (95.00%), lmb (94.00%) and bca (87.50%). We found associations between serotype and genes bac (p = 0.003), cylB (p = 0.02), rib (p = 0.01) and lmb (p < 0.001).ConclusionsThe frequency of vaginal-rectal colonization, serotypes distribution and associated virulence genes, varies widely among geographical areas. Therefore, epidemiological surveillance is necessary to provide data to guide decision-making and planning of prevention and control strategies.
| S-EPMC7807883 | biostudies-literature
Project description:OBJECTIVE:To assess intrapartum/neonatal mortality and morbidity risk in infants born at 37 weeks of gestation compared with infants born at 39-41 weeks of gestation. DESIGN:Nationwide cohort study. SETTING:The Netherlands. POPULATION:A total of 755 198 women delivering at term of a singleton without congenital malformations during 2010-14. METHODS:We used data from the national perinatal registry (PERINED). Analysis was performed with logistic regression and stratification for the way labour started and type of care. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Intrapartum or neonatal mortality up to 28 days and adverse neonatal outcome (neonatal mortality, 5-minute Apgar <7, and/or neonatal intensive care unit admission). RESULTS:At 37 weeks of gestation intrapartum/neonatal mortality was 1.10‰ compared with 0.59‰ at 39-41 weeks (P < 0.0001). Adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for 37 weeks compared with 39-41 weeks was 1.84 (95% CI) 1.39-2.44). Adverse neonatal outcome at 37 weeks was 21.4‰ compared with 12.04‰ at 39-41 weeks (P < 0.0001) with an aOR 1.63 (95% CI 1.53-1.74). Spontaneous start of labour at 37 weeks of gestation was significantly associated with increased intrapartum/neonatal mortality with an aOR of 2.20 (95% CI 1.56-3.10), in both primary (midwifery-led) care and specialist care. Neither induction of labour nor planned caesarean section showed increased intrapartum/neonatal mortality risk. CONCLUSIONS:Birth at 37 weeks of gestation is independently associated with a higher frequency of clinically relevant adverse perinatal outcomes than birth at 39-41 weeks. In particular, spontaneous start of labour at 37 weeks of gestation doubles the risk for intrapartum/neonatal mortality. Extra fetal monitoring is warranted. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT:Birth at 37 weeks of gestation gives markedly higher intrapartum/neonatal mortality risk than at 39-41 weeks, especially with spontaneous start of labour.
| S-EPMC6767499 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionLate preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PROM between 34+0 and 36+6 weeks gestational age) is an important clinical dilemma. Previously, two large Dutch randomised controlled trials (RCTs) compared induction of labour (IoL) to expectant management (EM). Both trials showed that early delivery does not reduce the risk of neonatal sepsis as compared with EM, although prematurity-related risks might increase. An extensive, structured long-term follow-up of these children has never been performed.Methods and analysisThe PPROMEXIL Follow-up trial (NL6623 (NTR6953)) aims to assess long-term childhood outcomes of the PPROMEXIL (ISRCTN29313500) and PPROMEXIL-2 trial (ISRCTN05689407), two multicentre RCTs using the same protocol, conducted between 2007 and 2010 evaluating IoL versus EM in women with late preterm PROM. The PPROMEXIL Follow-up will analyse children of mothers with a singleton pregnancy (PPROMEXIL trial n=520, PPROMEXIL-2 trial n=191, total IoL n=359; total EM n=352). At 10-12 years of age all surviving children will be invited for a neurodevelopmental assessment using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-V, Color-Word Interference Test and the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2. Parents will be asked to fill out questionnaires assessing behaviour, motor function, sensory processing, respiratory problems, general health and need for healthcare services. Teachers will fill out the Teacher Report Form and answer questions regarding school attainment. For all tests means with SDs will be compared, as well as predefined cut-off scores for abnormal outcome. Sensitivity analyses consisting of different imputation techniques will be used to deal with lost to follow-up.Ethics and disseminationThe study has been granted approval by the Medical Centre Amsterdam (MEC) of the AmsterdamUMC (MEC2016_217). Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and summaries shared with stakeholders. This protocol is published before analysis of the results.Trial registration numberNL6623 (NTR6953).
| S-EPMC8208011 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundPreterm labour, between 24 to 28 weeks of gestation, remains prevalent in low resource settings. There is evidence of improved survival after 24 weeks though the ideal mode of delivery remains unclear. There are no clear management protocols to guide patient management. We sought to determine the incidence of preterm labour occurring between 24 to 28 weeks, its associated risk factors and the preferred mode of delivery in a low resource setting with the aim of streamlining patient care.MethodsBetween February 2020 and September 2020, we prospectively followed 392 women with preterm labour between 24 to 28 weeks of gestation and their newborns from admission to discharge at Kawempe National Referral hospital in Kampala, Uganda. The primary outcome was perinatal mortality associated with the different modes of delivery. Secondary outcomes included neonatal and maternal infections, admission to the Neonatal Special Care Unit (SCU), need for neonatal resuscitation, preterm birth and maternal death. Chi-square test was used to assess the association between perinatal mortality and categorical variables such as parity, mode of delivery, employment status, age, antepartum hemorrhage, digital vaginal examination, and admission to Special Care unit. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the association between comparative outcomes of the different modes of delivery and maternal and neonatal risk factors.ResultsThe incidence of preterm labour among women who delivered preterm babies between 24 to 28 weeks was 68.9% 95% CI 64.2-73.4). Preterm deliveries between 24 to 28 weeks contributed 20% of the all preterm deliveries and 2.5% of the total hospital deliveries. Preterm labour was independently associated with gravidity (p-value = 0.038), whether labour was medically induced (p-value <0.001), number of digital examinations (p-value <0.001), history of vaginal bleeding prior to onset of labour (p-value < 0.001), whether tocolytics were given (p-value < 0.001), whether an obstetric ultrasound scan was done (p-value <0.001 and number of babies carried (p-value < 0.001). At multivariate analysis; multiple pregnancy OR 15.45 (2.00-119.53), p-value < 0.001, presence of fever prior to admission OR 4.03 (95% CI .23-13.23), p-value = 0.002 and duration of drainage of liquor OR 0.16 (0.03-0.87), p-value = 0.034 were independently associated with preterm labour. The perinatal mortality rate in our study was 778 per 1000 live births. Of the 392 participants, 359 (91.5%), had vaginal delivery, 29 (7.3%) underwent Caesarean delivery and 4 (1%) had assisted vaginal delivery. Caesarean delivery was protective against perinatal mortality compared to vaginal delivery OR = 0.36, 95% CI 0.14-0.82, p-value = 0.017). The other protective factors included receiving antenatal corticosteroids OR = 0.57, 95% CI 0.33-0.98, p-value = 0.040, Doing 3-4 digital exams per day, OR = 0.41, 95% 0.18-0.91, p-value = 0.028) and hospital stay of > 7 days, p value = 0.001. Vaginal delivery was associated with maternal infections, postpartum hemorrhage, and admission to the Special Care Unit.ConclusionCaesarean delivery is the preferred mode of delivery for preterm deliveries between 24 to 28 weeks of gestation especially when labour is not established in low resource settings. It is associated with lesser adverse pregnancy outcomes when compared to vaginal delivery for remote gestation ages.
| S-EPMC8297859 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundThe most important knowledge gap in connection with obstetric management for time of delivery in term low-risk pregnancies relates to the absence of information on long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes.ObjectivesWe examined risks of stillbirth, infant mortality, cerebral palsy (CP) and epilepsy among low-risk pregnancies.MethodsIn this population-based Swedish study, we identified, from 1998 to 2019, 1,773,269 singleton infants born between 37 and 42 completed weeks in women with low-risk pregnancies. Poisson log-linear regression models were used to examine the association between gestational age at delivery and stillbirth, infant mortality, CP and epilepsy. Adjusted rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals expressing the effect of birth at a particular gestational week compared with birth at a later gestational week were estimated.ResultsCompared with those born at a later gestation, RRs for stillbirth and infant mortality were higher among births at 37 weeks' and 38 weeks' gestation. The RRs for infant mortality were approximately 20% and 25% lower among births at 40 or 41 weeks compared with those born at later gestation, respectively. Infants born at 37 and 38 weeks also had higher RRs for CP (vs infants born at ≥38 and ≥39 weeks, respectively), while those born at 39 gestation had similar RRs (vs infants born at ≥40 weeks); infants born at 40 and 41 weeks had lower RRs of CP (vs those born at ≥41 and 42 weeks, respectively). The RRs for epilepsy were higher in those born at 37 and 38 weeks compared with those born at later gestation.ConclusionsAmong low-risk pregnancies, birth at 37 or 38 completed weeks' gestation is associated with increased risks of stillbirth, infant mortality and neurological morbidity, while birth at 39-40 completed weeks is associated with reduced risks compared with births at later gestation.
| S-EPMC9314589 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveTo develop models to predict vaginal delivery in low-risk, nulliparous women contemplating elective induction of labor or expectant management at 39 weeks of gestation.MethodsWe conducted a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial of planned elective induction of labor at 39 weeks of gestation compared with expectant management for low-risk nulliparous women. Two groups were included for this analysis: 1) women who were randomized to the induction of labor group and underwent elective induction at 39 0/7-39 4/7 weeks of gestation and 2) women who were randomized to the expectant management group who experienced spontaneous labor or medically indicated delivery (including postterm). Multivariable logistic regression models were developed for each group using patient characteristics that would be available at the time of counseling. Model selection was based on k-fold cross-validation using backward elimination and variables that remained significant at P<.05 were retained. To compare estimated with observed rates, the elective induction of labor model was then applied to each woman in both groups to estimate individualized predicted probabilities of vaginal delivery with elective induction of labor.ResultsOf 6,106 women enrolled in the trial, 4,661 met criteria for this analysis. Vaginal delivery occurred in 80.6% of the 2,153 women in the elective induction of labor group and 77.2% of the 2,508 women in the expectant management group (P=.005). The final elective induction of labor model included age, height, weight, and modified Bishop score (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC] 0.72, 95% CI 0.70-0.75). The same variables were included in the final expectant management model (AUROC 0.70, 95% CI 0.67-0.72). Across the range of predicted probability deciles derived from the elective induction of labor model, almost all women who underwent elective induction of labor at 39 weeks of gestation had a higher observed chance of vaginal delivery than expectant management.ConclusionIrrespective of the individual predicted chance of vaginal delivery from elective induction of labor at 39 weeks of gestation, vaginal delivery is generally more frequent if elective induction of labor is undertaken rather than expectant management. These data can be used to counsel nulliparous women regarding their "customized" chances of vaginal delivery as they choose between elective induction of labor or expectant management at 39 weeks of gestation.Clinical trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01990612.
| S-EPMC7899015 | biostudies-literature