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Aspirin versus low-molecular-weight heparin for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in orthopaedic trauma patients: A patient-centered randomized controlled trial.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:Emerging evidence suggests aspirin may be an effective venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis for orthopaedic trauma patients, with fewer bleeding complications. We used a patient-centered weighted composite outcome to globally evaluate aspirin versus low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) for VTE prevention in fracture patients. METHODS:We conducted an open-label randomized clinical trial of adult patients admitted to an academic trauma center with an operative extremity fracture, or a pelvis or acetabular fracture. Patients were randomized to receive LMWH (enoxaparin 30-mg) twice daily (n = 164) or aspirin 81-mg twice daily (n = 165). The primary outcome was a composite endpoint of bleeding complications, deep surgical site infection, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and death within 90 days of injury. A Global Rank test and weighted time to event analysis were used to determine the probability of treatment superiority for LMWH, given a 9% patient preference margin for oral administration over skin injections. RESULTS:Overall, 18 different combinations of outcomes were experienced by patients in the study. Ninety-nine patients in the aspirin group (59.9%) and 98 patients in the LMWH group (59.4%) were event-free within 90 days of injury. Using a Global Rank test, the LMWH had a 50.4% (95% CI, 47.7-53.2%, p = 0.73) probability of treatment superiority over aspirin. In the time to event analysis, LMWH had a 60.5% probability of treatment superiority over aspirin with considerable uncertainty (95% CI, 24.3-88.0%, p = 0.59). CONCLUSION:The findings of the Global Rank test suggest no evidence of superiority between LMWH or aspirin for VTE prevention in fracture patients. LMWH demonstrated a 60.5% VTE prevention benefit in the weighted time to event analysis. However, this difference did not reach statistical significance and was similar to the elicited patient preferences for aspirin.

SUBMITTER: Haac BE

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7398524 | biostudies-literature | 2020

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Aspirin versus low-molecular-weight heparin for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in orthopaedic trauma patients: A patient-centered randomized controlled trial.

Haac Bryce E BE O'Hara Nathan N NN Manson Theodore T TT Slobogean Gerard P GP Castillo Renan C RC O'Toole Robert V RV Stein Deborah M DM

PloS one 20200803 8

<h4>Background</h4>Emerging evidence suggests aspirin may be an effective venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis for orthopaedic trauma patients, with fewer bleeding complications. We used a patient-centered weighted composite outcome to globally evaluate aspirin versus low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) for VTE prevention in fracture patients.<h4>Methods</h4>We conducted an open-label randomized clinical trial of adult patients admitted to an academic trauma center with an operative extremit ...[more]

PMID: 32745092

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Project description:BackgroundThere is considerable debate regarding the ideal agent for venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis after TKA. Numerous studies and meta-analyses have yet to provide a clear answer and often omit one or more of the commonly used agents such as aspirin, warfarin, enoxaparin, and factor Xa inhibitors.Questions/purposesUsing a large database analysis, we asked: (1) What are the differences in VTE incidence in primary TKA after administration of aspirin, warfarin, enoxaparin, or factor Xa inhibitors? (2) What are the differences in bleeding risk among these four agents? (3) How has use of these agents changed with time?MethodsWe queried a combined Humana and Medicare database between 2007 and Quarter 1 of 2016, and identified all primary TKAs performed using ICD-9 and Current Procedural Terminology codes. All patients who had any form of antiplatelet or anticoagulation prescribed within 1 year before TKA were excluded from our study cohort. We then identified patients who had either aspirin, warfarin, enoxaparin, or factor Xa inhibitors prescribed within 2 weeks of primary TKA. Each cohort was matched by age and sex. Elixhauser comorbidities and Charlson Comorbidity Index for each group were calculated. We identified 1016 patients with aspirin, and age- and sex-matched 6096 patients with enoxaparin, 6096 patients with warfarin, and 5080 patients with factor Xa inhibitors. Using ICD-9 codes, with the understanding that patients at greater risk may have had more-attentive surveillance, the incidence of postoperative deep venous thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), bleeding-related complications (bleeding requiring surgical intervention, hemorrhage, hematoma, hemarthrosis), postoperative anemia, and transfusion were identified at 2 weeks, 30 days, 6 weeks, and 90 days postoperatively. A four-way chi-squared test was used to determine statistical significance. Utilization was calculated using compound annual growth rate.ResultsThere was a difference in the incidence of DVT at 90 days (p < 0.01). Factor Xa inhibitors (2.9%) had the lowest incidence of DVT followed by aspirin (3.0%) and enoxaparin (3.5%), and warfarin (4.8%). There was a difference in the incidence of PE at 90 days (p < 0.01). Factor Xa inhibitors (0.9%) had the lowest incidence of PE followed by enoxaparin (1.1%), aspirin (1.2%), and warfarin (1.6%). There was a difference in the incidence of postoperative anemia at 90 days (p < 0.01). Aspirin (19%) had the lowest incidence of postoperative anemia followed by warfarin (22%), enoxaparin (23%), and factor Xa inhibitors (23%). There was a difference in the incidence of a blood transfusion at 90 days (p < 0.01). Aspirin (7%) had the lowest incidence of a blood transfusion followed by factor Xa inhibitors (9%), warfarin (12%), and enoxaparin (13%). There were no differences in bleeding-related complications (p = 0.81) between the groups. Aspirin use increased at a compound annual growth rate of 30%, enoxaparin at 3%, and factor Xa inhibitors at 43%, while warfarin use decreased at a compound annual growth rate of -3%.ConclusionsFactor Xa inhibitors had the highest growth in utilization during our study period, followed by aspirin, when compared with enoxaparin and warfarin. When selected for the right patient, factor Xa inhibitors provided improved VTE prophylaxis compared with enoxaparin and warfarin, with a lower rate of blood transfusion. Aspirin provided comparable VTE prophylaxis compared with factor Xa inhibitors with improved VTE prophylaxis compared with enoxaparin and warfarin with the lowest risk of bleeding.Level of evidenceLevel III, therapeutic study.

Project description:IntroductionVenous thromboembolism (VTE) is a serious complication following hip arthroplasty (HA) and knee arthroplasty (KA). This study aims to determine whether aspirin is non-inferior to low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) in preventing symptomatic VTE following HA and KA.Methods and analysisThis is a cluster randomised, crossover, non-inferiority, trial nested within the Australian Orthopaedic Association National Joint Replacement Registry (AOANJRR). The clusters will consist of Australian hospitals performing at least 250 HA and/or KA procedures per annum. All adult patients undergoing HA or KA will be included. The intervention will be aspirin, orally, 85-150 mg daily. The comparator will be LMWH (enoxaparin) 40 mg, subcutaneously, daily. Both drugs will commence within 24 hours postoperatively and continue for 35 days after HA and 14 days after KA. Each hospital will be randomised to commence with aspirin or LMWH and then crossover to the alternative treatment after meeting the recruitment target. Data will be collected through the AOANJRR via patient-reported surveys. The primary outcome is symptomatic VTE within 90 days post surgery, verified by AOANJRR staff. The primary analysis will include only patients undergoing elective primary total hip arthroplasty and total knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis. Secondary outcomes will include symptomatic VTE for all HA and KA (including partial and revision) within 90 days, readmission, reoperation, major bleeding and death within 90 days and reoperation, death and patient-reported pain, function and health status at 6 months. If aspirin is found to be inferior, a cost-effectiveness analysis will be conducted. The study will aim to recruit 15 562 patients from 31 hospitals.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval has been granted. Trial results will be submitted for publication. The trial is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12618001879257, pre-results) and is endorsed by the Australia and New Zealand Musculoskeletal Clinical Trials Network.

Project description:Background: venous thromboembolism (VTE) is one of the most common complications after major orthopaedic surgery. Recent studies have suggested that aspirin may also be effective in preventing VTE, but it is still controversial whether it can be routinely used. Objectives: To compare the efficacy and safety of aspirin against oral anticoagulants in the prevention of VTE following total hip arthroplasty (THA), total knee arthroplasty (TKA) or hip fracture surgery (HFS). Methods: Relevant publications have been obtained using electronic search databases such as PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Clinical Trials. gov. from inception to 20 July 2023. Only RCTs evaluating the efficacy and safety of aspirin compared with oral anticoagulants undergoing major orthopaedic surgery were included in the meta-analysis. The primary outcome reported was any VTE event (including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE)). Secondary outcomes included mortality, major bleeding (including gastrointestinal bleed, cerebrovascular hemorrhage, or any bleeding requiring a return to the theater), minor bleeding (ecchymosis, epistaxis, hematuria), and wound complications. The risk of bias for all included studies was assessed according to the Cochrane Collaboration's tool. Results: After screening 974 studies, 12 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) were included, involving 5,088 participants, including 2,540 participants in aspirin, 2,205 participants in rivaroxaban, and 323 participants in warfarin. Aspirin was found to be less effective than oral anticoagulants in thromboprophylaxis after major orthopedic surgery (RR = 1.206, 95% CI 1.053-1.383). After subgroup analysis according to the type of oral anticoagulant, the results showed that aspirin was similar to rivaroxaban and inferior to warfarin. Considering that the studies in the warfarin group were all conducted before 2000, our results need to be further confirmed. In addition, the aspirin group had a higher risk of VTE than the control group in other subgroups, including a follow-up time of ≤3 months, type of procedure as TKA, high-dose aspirin (≥650 mg qd), and no combined use of mechanical prophylaxis. In terms of safety events, aspirin did not show significant differences in major bleeding (RR = 0.952, 95% CI 0.499-1.815), all-cause mortality (RR = 1.208, 95% CI 0.459-3.177), and wound-related events (RR = 0.618, 95% CI 0.333-1.145) compared with oral anticoagulants, and aspirin was associated with a reduction in the risk of minor bleeding (RR = 0.685, 95% CI 0.552-0.850) events and total bleeding (RR = 0.726, 95% CI 0.590-0.892). Conclusion: Aspirin reduces bleeding risk after major orthopedic surgery compared with oral anticoagulants, but may sacrifice VTE prevention to some extent. Updated evidence is needed to analyze the thromboprophylaxis effects of aspirin in patients undergoing major orthopedic surgery. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=463481, identifier CRD42023463481.

Dataset Information

Aspirin versus low-molecular-weight heparin for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in orthopaedic trauma patients: A patient-centered randomized controlled trial.

Publications

Aspirin versus low-molecular-weight heparin for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in orthopaedic trauma patients: A patient-centered randomized controlled trial.

Similar Datasets

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