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Gemfibrozil Induces Anemia, Leukopenia and Reduces Hematopoietic Stem Cells via PPAR-? in Mice.

ABSTRACT: Hypercholesterolemia, also called high cholesterol, is a form of hyperlipidemia, which may be a consequence of diet, obesity or diabetes. In addition, increased levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and reduced levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol are associated with a higher risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Thus, controlling cholesterol levels is commonly necessary, and fibrates have been used as lipid-lowering drugs. Gemfibrozil is a fibrate that acts via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha to promote changes in lipid metabolism and decrease serum triglyceride levels. However, anemia and leukopenia are known side effects of gemfibrozil. Considering that gemfibrozil may lead to anemia and that gemfibrozil acts via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, we treated wild-type and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha-knockout mice with gemfibrozil for four consecutive days. Gemfibrozil treatment led to anemia seven days after the first administration of the drug; we found reduced levels of hemoglobin, as well as red blood cells, white blood cells and a reduced percentage of hematocrits. PPAR-alpha-knockout mice were capable of reversing all of those reduced parameters induced by gemfibrozil treatment. Erythropoietin levels were increased in the serum of gemfibrozil-treated animals, and we also observed an increased expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-2 alpha (HIF-2?) and erythropoietin in renal tissue, while PPAR-alpha knockout mice treated with gemfibrozil did not present increased levels of serum erythropoietin or tissue HIF-2? and erythropoietin mRNA levels in the kidneys. We analyzed bone marrow and found that gemfibrozil reduced erythrocytes and hematopoietic stem cells in wild-type mice but not in PPAR-alpha-knockout mice, while increased colony-forming units were observed only in wild-type mice treated with gemfibrozil. Here, we show for the first time that gemfibrozil treatment leads to anemia and leukopenia via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha in mice.

SUBMITTER: Estrela GR

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7403977 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Gemfibrozil Induces Anemia, Leukopenia and Reduces Hematopoietic Stem Cells via PPAR-α in Mice.

Estrela Gabriel Rufino GR Arruda Adriano Cleis AC Torquato Heron Fernandes Vieira HFV Freitas-Lima Leandro Ceotto LC Perilhão Mauro Sérgio MS Wasinski Frederick F Budu Alexandre A Fock Ricardo Ambrósio RA Paredes-Gamero Edgar Julian EJ Araujo Ronaldo Carvalho RC

International journal of molecular sciences 20200717 14

Hypercholesterolemia, also called high cholesterol, is a form of hyperlipidemia, which may be a consequence of diet, obesity or diabetes. In addition, increased levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and reduced levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol are associated with a higher risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Thus, controlling cholesterol levels is commonly necessary, and fibrates have been used as lipid-lowering drugs. Gemfibrozil is a fibrate that acts via p ...[more]

PMID: 32708962

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Project description:We used Fancd2-/- mice to understand its mechanism of action. Transcriptome analysis of cKit+ Sca1+ Lin- (KSL) cells discovered that only four genes changed their expression levels significantly after chronic OXM administration in both Fancd2−/− and wild-type mice: mKi67 and Cenpf were up-regualted by 1.4 fold; Spp1 and Oasl2 were significantly down-regulated by 10.5 and 1.5 fold, respectively. Both mKi67 and Cenpf genes are cell cycle-regulated genes and proliferation markers. Their up-regulation was consistent with our observation in flow cytometry analysis that oxymetholone stimulated the proliferation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. RNAseq analysis showed no effects on mTert mRNA expression with chronic androgen therapy, but instead suggested down-regulation of Spp1 and Oasl2 as an important mechanism for the drug’s action. Our RNAseq analysis also revealed that Fancd2−/− KSL cells showed clear changes in mRNA expression profiles compared to wild-type controls: 430 genes were down-regulated by more than 1.5 fold, whereas 159 genes were up-regulated. Gene ontology analysis revealed key pathways to be significantly altered in Fancd2−/− KSL cells. Besides the abnormal cell cycle status expected from our earlier flow cytometry analysis, surprisingly we noticed that a group of genes involved in immune responses and inflammation, comprising Cfp (Properdin), Socs2, Ccr1, Ccr2, Ccr5, Chga (Chromogranin A), Ifi30 (Interferon Gamma-Inducible Protein 30), Lgmn, Txn, and Sell (selectin L), were up-regulated in Fancd2−/− KSL cells. We therefore hypothesize that some genes up-regulated in FA HSPCs may be part of an innate immune response to DNA damage. In addition, whole bone marrow cells were also analyzed in parallel with KSL cells. As compared to whole bone marrow cells, the genes enriched in KSL cells in wild-type mice were listed in details in the corresponding publication. This information can be a good resource for the future gene expression analysis of HSPCs. Finally, we compared the gene expression profiles of early progenitors between OXM-treated and placebo-treated mice. There were no significant differences at all in gene expression between OXM-treated wild-type erythroid progenitors and their placebo-treated wild-type counterparts, with no genes displaying an expression change higher than 1.2 fold. Importantly, no up-regulation of EPO-inducible genes such as Socs1, Socs2, Socs3, and Cish was seen in wild-type mice treated with OXM. Furthermore, there was no differential expression of the well-known EPO target transferrin receptor or any other major players of the Epo-R signaling network such as Bcl2l1, Cdc25a, Btg3, Ccnd2, Lyl1, Pim3, and Tnfrsf13c. These results indicate that EPO might not play a role in the action of OXM in the erythroid lineage. The goal of this study is to investigate gene expression changes in Fancd2 knockout mice in response to oxymetholone treatment. The study focuses on two bone marrow cell populations: cKit+ Sca1+ Lin- cells (representing hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells) and Ter119+/CD71high/FSChigh cells (representing proerythroblasts and basophilic erythroblasts). Both populations were sorted twice by FACS to ensure the purity. Cells of interest were collected in Trizol and RNA was isolated using RNAeasy mini prep kit. mRNAs were positively selected using oligo(dT)- Dynobeads and treated with DNase I. RNAseq libraries were then constructed using Illumina TruSeq RNA Sample Prep Kit and sequenced as 51 base-length reads on an Illumina HiSeq 2000 genome analyzer. For KSL libraries, each sample represented total mRNA isolated from pooled KSL cells of 5 individual mice; for basophilic erythroblast libraries, each library represented total mRNA isolated from basophilic erythroblasts of one individual mouse; for whole bone marrow libraries, each sample represented a combined library originally from 5 individual mice. All reads were mapped to the mouse reference genome (version mm9) using Bowtie short read aligner software (http://bowtie-bio.sf.net). Most of the data analysis was performed using EdgeR GLM algorithms. For the comparison of oxymetholone KSL libraries vs placebo KSL libraries, more stringent pair-wise comparisons were used to keep a consistent flow cytometric setting among each pair. The common gene list was the one shared by all three comparisons: COM17 vs HSC_101b, HSC_13 vs HSC_18, and HSC_23 vs QZ_35 for Fancd2−/− KSL cells; HSC_3 vs QZ_36, HSC_22 vs HSC_24, and COM15 vs COM16 for wild-type KSL cells. Data-mining and pathway analysis were carried out with the MetaCore integrated software suite (Thomson Reuters, New York, USA).

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Gemfibrozil Induces Anemia, Leukopenia and Reduces Hematopoietic Stem Cells via PPAR-? in Mice.

Publications

Gemfibrozil Induces Anemia, Leukopenia and Reduces Hematopoietic Stem Cells via PPAR-α in Mice.

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