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Oxidative stress, leaf photosynthetic capacity and dry matter content in young mangrove plant Rhizophora mucronata Lam. under prolonged submergence and soil water stress.

ABSTRACT: Young plants of Rhizophora mucronata Lam. were tested for oxidative stress, photosynthetic capacity and dry matter accumulation under two abiotic stress conditions; prolonged submergence and soil water stress. The experiment of prolonged submergence was performed in field conditions with two treatment levels; 50% inundation (control) and 100% inundation levels. The experiment of soil water stress was conducted in a plant-house with four treatment levels, 100% water holding capacity (WHC) (control), 50% WHC, 25% WHC and high salinity (> 35 psu). The experimentation period was 18 months. According to the results, antioxidant activity was increased in the 100% inundation level in field conditions and in the 25% WHC, 50% WHC and high salinity levels in plant-house conditions. However, decreased radical scavenging capacity reflected by low 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and high IC50 values were only observed in the 25% and 50% WHCs. Plant cell membranes were highly damaged in the 25%, 50% WHCs and high salinity level and a significant decrease in photosynthetic capacity (~ 90% reduction) and in dry matter content of Rhizophora plants were also observed in the same treatment levels. It was recorded that a higher proportion of dry matter is allocated to the root system under the 100% inundation level and it may be an adaptation to keep up the standing stability. Although, the antioxidant and scavenging capacities of young Rhizophora plants have increased under abiotic stress conditions, oxidative stress and its associated impacts on leaf photosynthetic capacity and dry weight contents were unavoidable under persistence of the stress.

SUBMITTER: Kodikara KAS

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7415043 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Currently, there is a renewed interest towards the development of plant-based pharmacophores. In this work, 16 extracts prepared from the leaves, twigs, roots and fruits of a hydro-halophyte, Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (Family: Rhizophoraceae), were studied for possible antioxidant activity and the phenolic profiles established. Thereafter, enzymatic inhibitory activities (?-amylase, ?-glucosidase, tyrosinase, acetyl- (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), lipase, and elastase) were assessed. The total phenolic, flavonoid, phenolic acid, tannin, flavanol and triterpenoid content were estimated using standard assays. An untargeted metabolomics-based approach, based on ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) followed by multivariate statistics, was then used to comprehensively profile and describe the phenolics present. UHPLC-QTOF-MS allowed for putatively annotating 104 phenolic acids, 103 flavonols, 94 flavones, 71 anthocyanins, 66 tyrosols, 29 lignans, 15 alkylphenols and 10 stilbenes in the extracts. Nine strains (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Salmonella enteritidis, Sarcina lutea, Proteus mirabilis, Bacillus cereus and Candida albicans) were then used to investigate the antimicrobial properties. The methanolic twig extract exhibited significant reducing potential towards Cu (II)/Cu (I) and Fe (III)/Fe (II) (1336.88 ± 15.70 and 710.18 ± 21.04 mg TE/g, respectively) and was the most potent DPPH radical scavenger (807.07 ± 6.83 mg TE/g). Additionally, the methanolic twig extract showed significant inhibition against most targeted enzymes. Anti-microbial results showed that all extracts were active against MRSA. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the phenolic profile of ethyl acetate extracts and leaves were the two most discriminative parameters in terms of solvents and organs, respectively. The present findings indicated that R. mucronata may be further explored for the management/prevention of oxidative stress, neurodegenerative complications and hyperpigmentation.

Project description:BACKGROUND:Mangrove forests are ecologically important but globally threatened intertidal plant communities. Effective mangrove conservation requires the determination of species identity, management units, and genetic structure. Here, we investigate the genetic distinctiveness and genetic structure of an iconic but yet taxonomically confusing species complex Rhizophora mucronata and R. stylosa across their distributional range, by employing a suite of 20 informative nuclear SSR markers. RESULTS:Our results demonstrated the general genetic distinctiveness of R. mucronata and R. stylosa, and potential hybridization or introgression between them. We investigated the population genetics of each species without the putative hybrids, and found strong genetic structure between oceanic regions in both R. mucronata and R. stylosa. In R. mucronata, a strong divergence was detected between populations from the Indian Ocean region (Indian Ocean and Andaman Sea) and the Pacific Ocean region (Malacca Strait, South China Sea and Northwest Pacific Ocean). In R. stylosa, the genetic break was located more eastward, between populations from South and East China Sea and populations from the Southwest Pacific Ocean. The location of these genetic breaks coincided with the boundaries of oceanic currents, thus suggesting that oceanic circulation patterns might have acted as a cryptic barrier to gene flow. CONCLUSIONS:Our findings have important implications on the conservation of mangroves, especially relating to replanting efforts and the definition of evolutionary significant units in Rhizophora species. We outlined the genetic structure and identified geographical areas that require further investigations for both R. mucronata and R. stylosa. These results serve as the foundation for the conservation genetics of R. mucronata and R. stylosa and highlighted the need to recognize the genetic distinctiveness of closely-related species, determine their respective genetic structure, and avoid artificially promoting hybridization in mangrove restoration programmes.

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Oxidative stress, leaf photosynthetic capacity and dry matter content in young mangrove plant Rhizophora mucronata Lam. under prolonged submergence and soil water stress.

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