Trends in heroin use among women of reproductive age in the United States, 2004-2017.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Vanderziel A
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7415610 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BACKGROUND:In this study of cannabis use in large nationally representative samples of United States (US) women aged 12-44?years, we evaluate variation by pregnancy month and by trimester. We also evaluate cannabis dependence, which might explain why some women continue using cannabis during pregnancy. METHODS:Large nationally representative samples drawn for the US National Surveys on Drug Use and Health included 12-44-year-old women asked about pregnancy month, cannabis use, and cannabis dependence (n?=?381,199). For this research, we produced month-specific estimates across four-time intervals (2002-2005, 2006-2009, 2010-2013, 2014-2017). RESULTS:Overall from 2002 to 2017, estimates for non-pregnant women and for pregnant women in Trimester 1 indicate 7%-8% had used cannabis at least once in the 30?days prior to assessment. For pregnancy Month 1, the corresponding estimate is 11%, double Month 3 estimate of 5%. This degree of month-to-month variation is not seen for pregnant women in Trimesters 2 and 3, for whom estimates are 3% and 2%, respectively. Among women using cannabis during pregnancy, an estimated 19% have cannabis dependence, versus an expected value of 13% among non-pregnant women (p?<?.05). CONCLUSION:Evidence of a possibly ameliorative pregnancy-associated reduction of cannabis use prevalence was seen by Month 3 during pregnancy. Cannabis dependence may help account for cannabis use early during pregnancy. Identification and outreach to reproductive age women with cannabis dependence might decrease prenatal cannabis exposure.
| S-EPMC6791768 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Annual chlamydia screening is recommended for all sexually active women aged <25 years. Substantial limitations exist in ascertaining chlamydia trends. Reported case rates have increased likely due to increased screening and improved test technology. Other data suggest that prevalence has decreased.Data from the Infertility Prevention Project (IPP), a national chlamydia screening program, were used to assess trends in chlamydia positivity from 2004 to 2008 among women aged 15 to 24 years who were tested in family planning clinics reporting data to IPP. Using the clinic as the unit of analysis, a correlated, longitudinal data analysis with a random intercept was conducted among clinics reporting ?3 years of data during the analysis timeframe. Sensitivity analyses were performed to address the impact of various clinic participation levels in addition to the assessment of various correlation structures.Over 5 million chlamydia tests were reported to IPP family planning clinics from 2004 to 2008. A majority of tests were conducted among white women (clinic-specific mean: 63.2%, interquartile range: 37.6%-91.5%); the clinic-specific mean percent of tests conducted among black women was 17.9% (interquartile range: 0.8%-25.7%). Overall chlamydia positivity from 2004 to 2008 was 7.0%. The odds ratio associated with a single year change (1.00; 95% confidence interval: 0.99, 1.00) suggested that chlamydia positivity did not change from 2004 to 2008, after controlling for clinic-specific population factors (age, race, test usage, and geography).Findings support previous analyses suggesting that chlamydia prevalence is not increasing despite apparent increasing rates based on case reports.
| S-EPMC4041131 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Employers play a vital role in promoting and supporting tobacco use cessation among tobacco-using workers. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy is a preventable cause of complications in pregnancy and adverse infant health outcomes.To estimate cigarette smoking prevalence and attempts to quit among working women of reproductive age in different industries and occupations using a nationally representative survey.The 2009-2013 National Health Interview Survey data for women of reproductive age (18-49 years) who were working in the week prior to the interview (n = 30855) were analyzed. Data were adjusted for nonresponse and weighted to produce nationally representative estimates.During 2009-2013, among working women of reproductive age, an estimated 17.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 16.7-17.8) and 12.9% (95% CI: 12.4-13.4) were current and former cigarette smokers, respectively. Of women who smoke daily, 44.5% (95% CI: 42.5-46.5) had made a quit attempt for more than 1 day in the year before the interview. Cigarette smoking prevalence was highest among women working in the construction industry (29.2%; 95% CI: 22.8-35.7) and in construction and extraction occupations (34.6%; 95% CI: 23.4-45.9). Among working women who were pregnant at the time of the interview, 6.8% (95% CI: 4.4-9.2) and 20.4% (95% CI: 16.9-24.0) were current and former cigarette smokers, respectively.Cigarette smoking prevalence varies by industry and occupation. Intensifying tobacco control efforts in high prevalence industries and occupations could result in higher cessation rates and improvements in health among women of reproductive age.This study identified discrepancies in cigarette smoking among women of reproductive age across industries and occupations. In the absence of smoke-free local and state laws, employer-established smoke-free policies and workplace cessation programs are important for achieving reduction of tobacco use among women and for protecting other workers' health. Results in this report may assist in developing educational campaigns targeting women in industries and occupations with high prevalence of cigarette smoking and low percentage of ever-smokers who had quit.
| S-EPMC5301263 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundMeningioma incidence was reported to have risen substantially in the United States during the first decade of the 21st century. There are few reports about subsequent incidence trends. This study provides updated data to investigate trends in meningioma incidence by demographic and tumor characteristics at diagnosis in the United states from 2004 to 2015.MethodsTrends in meningioma incidence were analyzed using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-18 (SEER-18) registry database of the National Cancer Institute. The joinpoint program was used to calculate annual percent change (APC) in incidence rates.ResultsThe overall incidence of meningioma increased by 4.6% (95% CI, 3.4-5.9) annually in 2004-2009, but remained stable from 2009 to 2015 (APC, 0; 95% CI, -0.8 to 0.8). Females (10.66 per 100 000 person-years) and blacks (9.52 per 100 000 person-years) had significant predominance in meningioma incidence. Incidence in many subgroups increased significantly up to 2009 and then remained stable until 2015. However, meningioma incidence in young and middle-aged people increased significantly throughout the entire time period from 2004 to 2015 (APC: 3.6% for <20-year-olds; 2.5% for 20-39-year-olds; 1.8% for 40-59-year-olds). The incidence of WHO II meningioma increased during 2011-2015 (APC = 5.4%), while the incidence of WHO III meningioma decreased during 2004-2015 (APC = -5.6%).ConclusionIn this study, the incidence of meningioma was found to be stable in recent years. Possible reasons for this finding include changes in population characteristics, the widespread use of diagnostic techniques, and changes in tumor classification and risk factors in the US population.
| S-EPMC6797634 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ImportanceIncreasing evidence indicates that people are attempting their own abortions outside the formal health care system. However, population-based estimates of experience with self-managed abortion (SMA) are lacking.ObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence of SMA attempts among the general US population.Design, setting, and participantsThis cross-sectional survey study was fielded August 2 to 17, 2017 among English- and Spanish- speaking, self-identified female panel members from the GfK web-based KnowledgePanel. Women ages 18 to 49 years were approached to complete a 1-time survey. Data were analyzed from September 22, 2017, to March 26, 2020.Main outcomes and measuresSMA was defined as "some women may do something on their own to try to end a pregnancy without medical assistance. For example, they may get information from the internet, a friend, or family member about pills, medicine, or herbs they can take on their own, or they may do something else to try to end the pregnancy." SMA was assessed using the question, "Have you ever taken or used something on your own, without medical assistance, to try to end an unwanted pregnancy?" Participants reporting SMA were asked about methods used, reasons, and outcomes. Factors associated with SMA experience, including age, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, nativity, reproductive health history, and geography, were assessed. Projected lifetime SMA prevalence was estimated using discrete-time event history models, adjusting for abortion underreporting.ResultsAmong 14 151 participants invited to participate, 7022 women (49.6%) (mean [SE] age, 33.9 [9.0] years) agreed to participate. Among these, 57.4% (95% CI, 55.8%-59.0%) were non-Hispanic White, 20.2% (95% CI, 18.9%-21.5%) were Hispanic, and 13.3% (95% CI, 12.1%-14.5%) were non-Hispanic Black; and 15.1% (95% CI, 14.1%-16.3%) reported living at less than 100% federal poverty level (FPL). A total of 1.4% (95% CI, 1.0%-1.8%) of participants reported a history of attempting SMA while in the US. Projected lifetime prevalence of SMA adjusting for underreporting of abortion was 7.0% (95% CI, 5.5%-8.4%). In bivariable analyses, non-Hispanic Black (prevalence ratio [PR], 3.16; 95% CI, 1.48-6.75) and Hispanic women surveyed in English (PR, 3.74; 95% CI, 1.78-7.87) were more likely than non-Hispanic White women to have attempted SMA. Women living below 100% of the FPL were also more likely to have attempted SMA compared with those at 200% FPL or greater (PR, 3.43; 95% CI, 1.83-6.42). At most recent SMA attempt, 20.0% (95% CI, 10.9%-33.8%) of respondents used misoprostol, 29.2% (95% CI, 17.5%-44.5%) used another medication or drug, 38.4% (95% CI, 25.3%-53.4%) used herbs, and 19.8% (95% CI, 10.0%-35.5%) used physical methods. The most common reasons for SMA included that it seemed faster or easier (47.2% [95% CI, 33.0%-61.8%]) and the clinic was too expensive (25.2% [95% CI, 15.7%-37.7%]). Of all attempts, 27.8% (95% CI, 16.6%-42.7%) of respondents reported they were successful; the remainder reported they had subsequent facility-based abortions (33.6% [95% CI, 21.0%-49.0%]), continued the pregnancy (13.4% [95% CI, 7.4%-23.1%]), had a miscarriage (11.4% [95% CI, 4.2%-27.5%]), or were unsure (13.3% [95% CI, 6.8%-24.7%]). A total of 11.0% (95% CI, 5.5%-21.0%) of respondents reported a complication.Conclusions and relevanceThis cross-sectional study found that approximately 7% of US women reported having attempted SMA in their lifetime, commonly with ineffective methods. These findings suggest that surveys of SMA experience among patients at abortion clinics may capture only one-third of SMA attempts. People's reasons for attempting SMA indicate that as abortion becomes more restricted, SMA may become more common.
| S-EPMC7749440 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Postmenopausal status is a risk factor for distal sensory polyneuropathy-the most common type of peripheral neuropathy. We aimed to investigate associations between reproductive factors and history of exogenous hormone use with distal sensory polyneuropathy among postmenopausal women in the United States using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004, and to explore the modifying effects of ethnicity on these associations. We conducted a cross-sectional study among postmenopausal women aged ≥ 40 years. Women with a history of diabetes, stroke, cancer, cardiovascular disease, thyroid disease, liver disease, weak or failing kidneys, or amputation were excluded. Distal sensory polyneuropathy was measured using a 10-g monofilament test, and a questionnaire was used to collect data on reproductive history. Multivariable survey logistic regression was used to test the association between reproductive history variables and distal sensory polyneuropathy. In total, 1144 postmenopausal women aged ≥ 40 years were included. The adjusted odds ratios were 8.13 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.24-53.28] and 3.18 (95% CI 1.32-7.68) for age at menarche < 11 years and time since menopause > 20 years, respectively, which were positively associated with distal sensory polyneuropathy; adjusted odds ratios were 0.45 for the history of breastfeeding (95% CI 0.21-0.99) and 0.41 for exogenous hormone use (95% CI 0.19-0.87) were negatively associated. Subgroup analysis revealed ethnicity-based heterogeneity in these associations. Age at menarche, time since menopause, breastfeeding, and exogenous hormone use were associated with distal sensory polyneuropathy. Ethnicity significantly modified these associations.
| S-EPMC10247787 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundInvasive candidiasis (IC) is a growing concern among US healthcare facilities. A large-scale study evaluating incidence and trends of IC in the United States by species and body site is needed to understand the distribution of infection.MethodsAn electronic medical record database was used to calculate incidence and trends of IC in the United States by species and infection site from 2009 through 2017. Hospital incidence was calculated using total unique inpatient hospitalizations in hospitals reporting at least 1 Candida case as the denominator. IC incidence trends were assessed using generalized estimating equations with exchangeable correlation structure to fit Poisson regression models, controlling for changes in hospital characteristics and case mix over time.ResultsCandida albicans remains the leading cause of IC in the United States, followed by Candida glabrata. The overall incidence of IC was 90/100 000 patients, which did not change significantly over time. There were no changes in incidence among C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, or C. tropicalis; the incidence of other Candida spp. as a whole increased 7.2% annually. While there was no change in candidemia 2009-2017, abdominal and nonabdominal sterile site IC increased significantly.ConclusionsNonbloodstream IC is increasing in the United States. Understanding the epidemiology of IC should facilitate improved management of infected patients.
| S-EPMC8030726 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveHeroin use in the United States has reached epidemic proportions. The objective of this paper is to estimate the annual societal cost of heroin use disorder in the United States in 2015 US dollars.MethodsAn analytic model was created that included incarceration and crime; treatment for heroin use disorder; chronic infectious diseases (HIV, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and Tuberculosis) and their treatments; treatment of neonatal abstinence syndrome; lost productivity; and death by heroin overdose.ResultsUsing literature-based estimates to populate the model, the cost of heroin use disorder was estimated to be $51.2 billion in 2015 US dollars ($50,799 per heroin user). One-way sensitivity analyses showed that overall cost estimates were sensitive to the number of heroin users, cost of HCV treatment, and cost of incarcerating heroin users.ConclusionThe annual cost of heroin use disorder to society in the United States emphasizes the need for sustained investment in healthcare and non-healthcare related strategies that reduce the likelihood of abuse and provide care and support for users to overcome the disorder.
| S-EPMC5448739 | biostudies-literature
Project description:AimTo describe trends in modifiable and non-modifiable unfavorable factors affecting pregnancy outcomes, over time (years 2004-2017), in women with diabetes of childbearing age from an English primary care perspective.MethodsWe identified women with diabetes aged 16-45 years from the Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) Research and Surveillance Centre (RSC) network, an English primary care sentinel database. Repeated annual cross-sectional analyses (2004-2017) assessed the prevalence of unfavorable factors for pregnancy, such as obesity, poor glycaemic control, microalbuminuria, hypertension, use of medications for treating diabetes, and associated comorbidities not recommended for pregnancy.ResultsWe identified 3,218 women (61.5% with Type 2 diabetes) in 2004 and 6,657 (65.0% with Type 2 diabetes) in 2017. The proportion of women with ideal glycaemic control for conception (HbA1c<6.5%) increased over time, in patients with Type 1 diabetes from 9.0% (7.1%-11.0%) to 19.1% (17.2%-21.1%), and in those with Type 2 diabetes from 27.2% (24.6%-29.9%) to 35.4% (33.6%-37.1%). The proportion of women with Type 2 diabetes prescribed medications different from insulin and metformin rose from 22.3% (20.5%-24.2%) to 27.3% (26.0%-28.6%).In 2017, 14.0% (12.6%-15.4%) of women with Type 1 and 30.7% (29.3%-32.0%) with Type 2 diabetes were prescribed angiotensin-modulating antihypertensives or statins. We captured at least one unfavorable factor for pregnancy in 50.9% (48.8%-52.9%) of women with Type 1 diabetes and 70.7% (69.3%-72.0%) of women with Type 2 diabetes. Only one third of women with Type 1 diabetes (32.2%, 30.3%-34.0%) and a quarter of those with Type 2 diabetes (23.1%, 21.9%-24.4%) were prescribed hormonal contraception. Contraception was prescribed more frequently to women with unfavorable factors for pregnancy compared to those without, however, the difference was significant only for women with Type 1 diabetes.ConclusionsDespite significant improvements in general diabetes care, the majority of women with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes have unfavorable, although mostly modifiable, factors for the start of pregnancy. Good diabetes care for women of childbearing age should include taking into consideration a possible pregnancy.
| S-EPMC7937966 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveTo examine current levels, correlates of, and changes in contraceptive use among reproductive-age women in the United States between 2014 and 2016.DesignWe conducted simple and multivariable logistic regression analyses to identify associations between user characteristics and contraceptive use, with specific attention to methods requiring a visit to a health care provider.SettingNot applicable.PatientsAll self-identified female respondents to the surveys. Secondary analysis of two rounds of the National Survey of Family Growth, an in-home, nationally representative survey of people ages 15-44 years (2013-2015) and 15-49 years (2015-2017).InterventionsNone.Main outcome measuresCurrent use of a contraceptive method, including use of individual methods and grouped method use in 2016, and change in use from 2014.ResultsContraceptive use remained steady between 2014 and 2016 among sexually active females not seeking pregnancy (88%). Among users, use of long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) methods increased from 14% to 18%, as use of short-acting reversible contraceptive (SARC) methods fell from 32% to 28%. Implant use among 15- to 19-year-olds rose from 6% to 16% and represents one of the largest increases observed. Access to sexual and reproductive health care was strongly associated with use of all LARC and SARC methods except for the implant (adjusted odds ratios ranged from 3.21 to 13.53).ConclusionsContraceptive users are shifting primarily among the most and moderately effective method groups, and not from contraceptive nonuse to use. Reductions in access to sexual and reproductive health care could have implications for individuals' ability to use their preferred contraceptive methods.
| S-EPMC8244260 | biostudies-literature